American (Ambulance) Field Service Administrative Series, May 7, 1915 - May 13, 1986, 8 inches, arranged chronologically, French and English

This series is particularly rich in early reports of the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly-Sur-Seine. It contains the report of Mrs. Robert Bacon, Chairwoman of the American Committee of the Ambulance at the annual meeting of the American Red Cross in Washington, D.C., in December 1915. Also found is the report of the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris for 1915 where the American Field Service began its life as the hospital's ambulance unit in September of 1914.

There are valuable reports of the American Ambulance Field Service Fund from its inception in September 1915, written by its Treasurer, Henry Davis Sleeper, who also served as the American Representative of the Field Service. His reports describe enlistments in the ambulance service, subscriptions, services and administration, receipts and disbursements, as well as lists of ambulances and their donors. The series contains the financial correspondence of the American Ambulance Hospital from its Treasurer, F. W. Monahan, to the hospital's Chief Ambulance Surgeon, Dr. E. L. Gros, concerning monies raised for ambulances, meal costs, menus at the hospital and complete financial reports from August 1916, to June 1919.

The series also contains the monthly reports of the Ambulance Field Service to the Board of Governors of the American Hospital in which can be found the Ms. report of Dallas McGrew and Richard Lawrence, ambulance driver and section leader respectively, detailing the first work of the American Ambulance Field Service on the Vosges Front, and the enthusiasm of Capt. de Montravel, Director of the French Army Automobile Service of the East, for its work. It describes the Field Service's militarization under French Army command which directly resulted from Montravel's report to Marshall Joffre.

There are reports of A. Piatt Andrew, Inspector General of the Ambulance Service, detailing the new headquarters for the Field Service at 21 Rue Raynouard, the death of E. J. Kelly of Philadelphia in the line of duty at the front, and the controversial transfer of Sections #3 and #10 to Salonika on the Grecian and Serbian front. The report of March 1917, makes the case for the complete independence of the American Field Service from the American Hospital which had occurred in July 1916. In addition, the administrative series contains the correspondence of "Doc" Andrew and Henry D. Sleeper, largely for the year 1917, regarding uniforms, recruitment, and jobs for AFS workers in the United States who themselves wanted to see service at the front. There are accounts of each ambulance donated and its individual service in the war zone which Andrew sent to every American donor. Public Relations files in this series hold material concerning novelist-ambulance driver Henry Sydnor Harrison writing a promotional article on the work of his section, as well as correspondence with former President Theodore Roosevelt appealing for articles that he might contribute to such magazines as the Outlook, on the work of the American Field Service in France. There is correspondence on the Harvard Club's exhibitions in the United States dealing with the AFS, as well as promotional film correspondence aimed at interesting and influencing American public opinion on the War.

The Administrative Series is further augmented by correspondence on the death of Richard Hall of Dartmouth College, the first U.S. volunteer driver to lose his life evacuating wounded from the front. Correspondence exists on the transfer of AFS personnel to the U.S. forces when the United States entered the War in 1917. There is material on the American Army units, and the correspondence of Stephen Galatti, second in command to A. Piatt Andrew in France, on the subject of the Verdun Medal and other awards and honors for Field Service men dating in the post war period.

Headquarters Correspondence Subseries I, January 11, 1915 - December 27, 1917, 10 inches, arranged chronologically, French and English

This series contains A. P. Andrew correspondence with his field section chiefs, Richard Lawrence, Roger Balbiani, Roland Stebbins, and H. P. Townsend, on the condition of ambulances and restrictions on men writing home for publication on conditions at the front. There are reports to William Hereford, chief AFS recruiter in New York City, on the evacuation of the wounded at Dunkirk, and later at Ypres, and other Belgian battles, as well as reports on satisfactory working relationships established between the Field Service and the French Army. There is also Andrew-Hereford correspondence on the need for men of good character and discipline for the AFS, as well as the six-month service limitation and the limitation on the choice of service for men choosing to enlist The series contains Andrew correspondence with Mrs. Andrew Carnegie on the subject of the ambulance that she had donated which served in the battles near Dunkirk, Poperinghe, Elverdinghe, and Ypres. Andrew correspondence with a wide variety of ambulance donors on the histories of their cars in service can also be found here, as well as in the series devoted to individual ambulance and section histories from differing parts of the front. There is Andrew correspondence with Herman Harjes criticizing raids by the Norton-Harjes Ambulance upon the staff of the Field Service. There is Andrew correspondence with former President Theodore Roosevelt asking for an introduction to a section history to be published in the United States. Andrew had correspondence with Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt concerning the fighting and the work of AFS in the Alsace Sector. There are numerous letters from A. P. Andrew to President John Crier Hibben of Princeton University on Princeton's contribution to the work of the AFS in action around the Bois le Pretre and other battles, as well as appeals for more Princeton enlistments.

One particularly good account of a donor's feeling for the cause of aiding Western Civilization in this war is that of Edward de Coppet to A. P. Andrew, found in Folder #31. Other de Coppet-Andrew correspondence is also found in this series. Section Chief to Headquarters correspondence is found throughout the series. Such subjects and personalities as Roger Balbiani correspondence to H. A. Webster, Assistant Inspector of Ambulances of the American Ambulance Hospital, concerning the lack of men in the Crombeke Sector of Belgium, Robert Maclay to A. P. Andrew on the shocking state of repair of his section, and Balbiani's award of the Croix de Guerre, as well as his plan for the heating of the ambulances. There is a diagram by Edward Salisbury for an ambulance heating system in Folder #27, and correspondence by Lovering Hill in Folder #34 on the matter.

A considerable correspondence between A. P. Andrew and Preston Lockwood of Exeter College, Oxford, exists concerning recruitment of Rhodes Scholars from Oxford colleges to serve in the AFS and administrative matters surrounding this issue. The correspondence on the matter of a separate repair park for ambulances at Sevres under the direction of one-time section leader Edward Salisbury, is part of the general correspondence on the subject of the independence of the Field Service from the American Hospital in the summer of 1916. The influence of Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt in this matter is described by Andrew in letters to his parents in Gloucester, Massachusetts. Mrs. Vanderbilt's influence in obtaining the new Field Service Headquarters at 21 Rue Raynouard, as well as her trip to the Front under shellfire with A. P. Andrew is also described.

Correspondence between A. P. Andrew and Alice Longfellow, the daughter of the poet, concerning her donated ambulance, in Folder #41, can be found here, as well as the correspondence which describes the deaths of drivers Richard Hall, Edward Sortwell, E. J. Kelly and Howard Lines.

Found in Folder #41 is the "Plan for American University House in Paris." Developed in 1916, it might well be considered a precursor of the international and intercultural themes that the AFS developed beginning with the end of World War I.

Headquarters Correspondence Subseries II June 15, 1915 - January 6, 1918, 8 inches, arranged chronologically, French and English

The series contains contracts between the French Army and the AFS describing legal obligations between the two from June 15, 1915 to March 3, 1917.

AFS correspondence with French and Belgian Headquarters staffs includes General Gabriel Putz, Commander of the Army of Belgium, to A. P. Andrew commending the courage and efficiency of the Field Service in evacuation of wounded from Elverdinghe and Poperinghe in Belgium, French Command thanks to Richard Lawrence, commander of Section 3, for service at the front, and French Army correspondence with AFS to enforce regulations on personnel movement and travel.

AFS general correspondence, August 11, 1915 - November 27, 1916, holds communications with Rhodes Trustees asking for help in recruitment for the Field Service, instructions to section leaders on the importance of keeping historical records for future use, A. Piatt Andrew to Robert Bacon, an extremely anti-Woodrow Wilson and neutrality letter, description of 21 Rue Raynouard (Box 5, F. 61; Floor Plans of the house are found in Rare Document Folder #1). The series also contains statistical reports of ambulance section leaders concerning wounded transported during 1915 and 1916.

Dr. Edmund Gros medical correspondence and permissions includes: transfers for illnesses, correspondence on battle wounds suffered by drivers, preventative medical correspondence with section leaders, water sterilization correspondence, typhoid inoculation correspondence, particularly for men going to the Balkans. There is correspondence with Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt on a proposal to build a tubercular sanitorium, as well as correspondence on American Hospital jobs, and administration.

January 1917, correspondence includes: materials on driver recruitment, Galatti correspondence concerning Harvard men in the Field Service, correspondence on the continuing poor relations between the Harjes Ambulance Service and the Field Service, as well as A. P. Andrew-Beverley Rantoul correspondence on the establishment of a permanent organization for Field Service veterans in Boston.

February 1917, correspondence includes that with Mrs. W.K. Vanderbilt indicating 10 ambulance sections at the front and between 400 to 500 cars. A. P. Andrew-Comtesse Villestreux correspondence on the need for supplementary space to headquarters at 21 Rue Raynouard due to increased enlistments. There is a communication from Lovering Hill in Salonika on the poor conditions of roads there, and need for spare ambulance parts, and an emphatic and angry letter to Robert Bacon on perceived injuries done to the Field Service by the American Hospital Staff.

March 1917 correspondence includes that concerning the expansion of the Field Service, and H. Dudley Hale correspondence with Andrew on the disregard in the United States for preparedness. There is correspondence on the Stanford Unit, as well as A. P. Andrew correspondence with friends from Lawrenceville, Princeton and Harvard days recruiting their sons for the Field Service. There is material found here on the U.S. Declaration of War, as well as operational difficulties in Albania.

April 1917, correspondence includes that on the death of Henry Suckley, leader of Section 10, on the Salonika Front, the U.S. Declaration of War, E. G. Senter-Andrew correspondence concerning the relative ignorance of Texans about the war as compared to Easterners, and the Zimmerman Note's silencing of German sympathies in Texas. There is also an A. P. Andrew proposal sent through U.S. Ambassador Sharp, putting the Field Service at the disposal of the U.S. Government.

May 1917, correspondence includes that of Prof. Gilbert Chinard giving a sendoff to the Stanford Unit, a press notice on A. Piatt Andrew's award of the Legion d'Honneur, press notices on the establishment of the AFS Officer Candidate School at Meaux, the organization of the Transport Material Sections and opposition of American parents and some school masters on recruitment policies that advertised ambulance driving and then put men into transport units.

Headquarters Correspondence Subseries III June 21, 1915-March 3, 1918

There is William Hereford-A. P. Andrew correspondence indicating that ambulance chassis were built in the United States and then shipped over to Paris, as well as correspondence on the subject of recruitment of men for the Field Service.

Included in this series in F.# 69B, is the list of American Field Service Ambulance units with S.S.U. numbers, and the dates and numbers given at the time of federalization between September and November 1917. There is correspondence relating to donated ambulances, between January and April 1916, correspondence concerning identity cards for drivers largely originating in the U.S. Embassy in Paris, January to November 1915, as well as ambulance maintenance correspondence for 1915.

There is correspondence between Herman Harjes, Richard Norton and A. P. Andrew concerning sharing men between the two services, A. P. Andrew correspondence on the exhibit of French posters to be mounted in Harvard Clubs across the United States to stimulate interest in the cause of France, copies of an Andrew letter to Comtesse Villestreux and her original response in French, thanking her for the use of 21 Rue Raynouard, and inviting her to attend an open house at the time the Field Service took the house over. Correspondence exists on the death of Edward Kelly and the wounding of Roswell Sanders at Verdun, in September 1916.

Henry D. Sleeper-A. Piatt Andrew Correspondence Series, November 11, 1915-June 30, 1920,8 inches, arranged chronologically, French and English

There is correspondence in this series relating to the publication of Friends of France, and A. P. Andrew's Letters Written Home from France. There is also much correspondence between Andrew and Sleeper with regard to the poor relations between the American Hospital staff and officers, and those responsible for its ambulance field service. For example, correspondence exists on the depth of disgust felt by Andrew and Sleeper for George W. Lopp and the Transportation Committee, and the resignation of both Lopp and Laurence Benét from the Committee. There is Sleeper-Andrew correspondence relating to the independence of the American Field Service from the American Hospital, and the key role that Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt played in bringing this about. Material also exists on the willingness of William K. Vanderbilt to fund an independent Field Service until it could get on its feet. Andrew correspondence exists on a new AFS contract with the French Army in the event of legal difficulties with the Hospital, and frank statements concerning personalities on the Hospital's staff and Board of Directors.

Important material exists in this series on the subject of the new headquarters for the Field Service at 21 Rue Raynouard and the historical associations of the property with America through Benjamin Franklin, Voltaire and the sculptor Auguste Bartholdi. This material corresponds to that found in the Headquarters Correspondence Series, Box 5, Folder #61, as well as in Rare Document Binder #1.

A. Piatt Andrew-Henry Sleeper correspondence exists on the subject of S.S.U. 10, under the command of Henry Suckley, being accepted by Joffre's staff for service in the Orient while the Norton-Harjes Ambulance was rejected. There is considerable correspondence found throughout this series concerning the status of the AFS in the event of an American declaration of war against Germany. Such correspondence involved topics concerning the status of the AFS with the War Department, whether or not Field Service men would be called back to the United States or allowed to continue in France as a part of the U.S. Army. At the same time the correspondence indicates increased strength for the AFS, more enlistments, sections being sent into the field, and more money being raised from all sources, through the spring of 1917.

There is Sleeper correspondence with Andrew imploring the latter to inform the American office of the AFS of any death or serious illness of Field Service men to avoid embarrassment on the home front. There is a cable text from Andrew to Sleeper requiring a communication to President Woodrow Wilson and Secretary of War Newton Baker offering the Field Service to the U.S. Government in the event of a U.S. declaration. There is material concerning the French Army's request that the Field Service provide men to staff the Transport Division of the French Army to move munitions to the front. This request came immediately following the U.S. Declaration of War in April 1917. There is also sizable correspondence that this request initiated, concerning whether American men were being sent to the Ambulance or the TM (Transport Material) sections. There is a request from the French Army Automobile Service to send 10,000 American drivers, conveyed by Andrew to Sleeper. There are also Field Service publications related to the Réserve Mallet and correspondence from men in T.M. units relating to their work. Also included are appreciations written by Commandants Doumenc and Mallet for the T.M.U. services.

Sleeper correspondence with A. P. Andrew can be found in this series on the subject of Theodore Roosevelt's speech at Sherry's in New York to the University of California Section, difficulties in requisitioning space on transport ships to Europe, the increase in college units being formed, and the need for more AFS administrative staff. There is also Luke Doyle correspondence with Andrew on commissions for AFS men in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, as well as news of organization around the country to raise money, and enlistment.

Independence for the AFS and the maintenance of self-governing power in spite of militarization was a topic that concerned Sleeper and which he communicated at length to Andrew in Paris. The key role of Admiral Cary Grayson with Woodrow Wilson in this regard is alluded to in the correspondence.

Folder #75 of this series contains the Financial Reports of the Field Service which were under Sleeper's control. Included within these reports, which date from the inception of the AFS under the American Ambulance Hospital, is a valuable brief history of the AFS by Sleeper, as well as material relating to the disposition of funds and the papers of the AFS after the war.

Henry D. Sleeper Papers Series, n.d., 1915-July 22, 1922, 5 inches, arranged by topic and chronologically, French and English

Within the Sleeper Papers can be found the correspondence between Anne Morgan, daughter of financier J. P. Morgan, and Henry D. Sleeper covering the dates between November 17, 1916, and June 11, 1920. Subjects dealt with within the correspondence are: recruitment of men for the Field Service, scheduling and showing of Field Service films, Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt's association with Miss Morgan in various fund- raising efforts as members of the Committee of the American Ambulance Field Service. Fund raising correspondence mentions the ambulance driver Joshua Campbell as well as Leslie Buswell, and their effectiveness as speakers and fund raisers. There is also correspondence on the significance of the 3volume history of the Field Service, for having only one man driving an ambulance when conditions and the Morgan-Harjes Ambulance dictated two, and suggesting that the Morgan-Harjes Ambulance take over all of the ambulance service for the French armies at the Front.

The Sleeper Papers contain the public relations printings of H. D. Sleeper from December 16, 1916 - January 22, 1917. They cover such interesting stories as: the AFS sending new sections to the front, personal experiences of a driver, the development of the ambulance body, the AFS mentioned in French Army Dispatches, etc.

Sleeper-American Field Service film correspondence demonstrates how H. D. Sleeper brought together the wealthy and fashionable of many cities and regions in the United States to view the film, "Our American Boys in the European War," and thereby increased Field Service donations. The films were shown in Philadelphia's Main Line area, in New York at the University Club, in Newport R.I., Bar Harbor, and York Harbor, Maine, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, Stamford, Connecticut, and Jacksonville, Florida, among other places. They combined the showing of the film with the sales of the book, Friends of France (Boston, 1915).

The Field Service Personnel Lists (all in French), give invaluable information that supplements that found in the History of the American Field Service in France (3 Volumes, Boston, 1920). The lists often detail the battles individuals took part in, and sectors of operations, while the History fails to include such material in its lists of personnel.

The American Field Service Association and Fellowship correspondence from May 6, 1920, until March 8, 1922, contains material on the organization of the Field Service Association in the post-war period. Plans for the work of the Association are included, as well as documentation that shows serious misunderstandings due to lack of communication between the Paris Committee and the American office of the Association in Boston. There are disenchanted communications between Lovering Hill and Elliott Shepard in Paris, and Austin Mason, Secretary of the AFS Association in the United States. Hill explained that his interest in the Association was based upon its involvement in the scholarship program. Finding that the purposes of the Association were not those of the Scholarship Program, his interest waned. There is correspondence from both Andrew and Galatti to Hill trying to persuade him to continue on the Paris Committee.

The printed American Field Service Fellowships for French Universities (New York, 1922) includes along with the list of officers and trustees for the Program, purposes, fields of study, universities participating in the programs, eligibility for awards, application guidelines, and conditions of awards.

There is correspondence within the Association and Fellowship materials relating to the sickness and death of Fellow Richard Varnum. There is also correspondence of April 28, 1921, which gives the text of the message that Marshal Phillipe Pétain sent to A. P. Andrew for the Field Service reunion of that year. There is A. P. Andrew-Lovering Hill correspondence concerning the endowment of the Field Service Fellowships and on the subject of the acceptance of James Hazen Hyde of the offer to chair the Field Service Association in Paris. More A. P. Andrew correspondence exists relating to cooperation between the Field Service Fellowship Program and the University Union in Europe which was started in 1917 to provide services for American university men serving in Europe during the war.

The series contains a list of American Field Service Fellows at French universities and their fields of study for the year 1923, as well as excerpts from Fellows' reports on their studies.

French Automobile Service Correspondence Series, May 8, 1915 -October 28, 1916, 8 inches, arranged chronologically, French and English

This series contains the AFS Rules of the Road and Care of the Wounded, printed for the use of the drivers. It also holds the list of men in the Transportation Department at the American Hospital at Neuilly in May 1915, as well as the list of section chiefs and cars at the American Hospital at Juilly in March 1915. There is a list of men and cars of the section attached to the French 8th Army at Dunkirk, as well as lists of ambulances and men stationed with various French armies, regions and hospitals in May 1915.

There is A. P. Andrew correspondence with Captain Aujay, the French Commander of Foreign Units serving with the French Automobile Service, concerning moving of units, collection of statistics, disciplinary matters, leaves from the front, citations for American units and men or bravery, transferring men to the Officer Candidate School for drivers at Meaux, resignations from the service and other administrative matters.

Correspondence exists with Captain Richard Mallet, French Commander of the Transport Réserve of which the American T.M. units were a major part, in connection with the transport units' coming affiliation with the American Army, and the expansion of the service. There is correspondence on the subject of Waldo Peirce's connection to the Réserve Mallet in order to draw pictures for the Field Service History planned for publication.

The series contains Major A. P. Andrew correspondence with Major (later Colonel) Frank Parker of the United States Army Ambulance Service on the subject of the status of the A.F.S. with the U.S. Army, the need to offer graduates of the A.F.S Officers Training School commissions in the U.S. Army to retain their interest in the ambulance service, and an Andrew plan to move American T.M. unit men into the French Ambulance Service to release French drivers to T.M. units, thereby keeping American drivers in the AFS

There is Captain William de Ford Bigelow correspondence with Major Andrew and Captain Galatti on the automobile park that he commanded at Chalons, regarding inspections with U.S.A.A.S. officers, funds left over from AFS being returned to Paris headquarters, and the need for barracks and kitchen for his men. There is also Andrew correspondence with French officers concerning a proposal to grant the Légion d'Honneur to Henry Sleeper, who was gravely ill at that time in the United States.

A. Piatt Andrew-Robert Bacon Correspondence Series, May 31, 1916-August 31, 1916 Rare Document Folder #2

This small but significant series describes the transition of the American Field Service from an administrative entity of the American Hospital to full independence. The correspondence dealing with the refusal of the staff of the American Hospital to provide funds to stock the ambulance repair park at Billencourt with spare parts, and Andrew's proposal to pay for the needs himself, alludes to the personality clashes that led to independence. These clashes are described in part in previous series, as well as succeeding ones. The series is also important in understanding the roles of Robert Bacon and Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt in the transition, as well as understanding the personality of A. P. Andrew.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #1: Field Correspondence Subseries, January 7, 1915-July 10, 1918, subsequently U.S.A.A.S., Section 625

This series contains Instructions for Ambulance Drivers from the French Automobile Service. There is correspondence from Otis Budd, Chief of Staff, concerning use of Section 1 cars for use in hauling bricks, hides, and corpses to the detriment of the sanitary condition of the ambulances in service around Dunkirk in February, 1915. Squad A correspondence asking to be attached to the 7th Regiment of Zouaves, who have requested more ambulances to care for their wounded, is found here. There is Robert Maclay correspondence concerning the worth of Roger Balbiani and A. P. Andrew as leaders, as well as squad statistics for carrying wounded in February and March 1915, in the St. Pol, Abbeville, Amiens, and Beauvais areas.

The subseries contains Section Director, Squad A, Cochrane's diary for February and March 1915, among other things complaining about assignments, while the British Red Cross Ambulance Service stationed near Arras was getting most of the action. The diary is a good account of the administration of a field section attached to the American Hospital in Paris. Also contained here are statistics on the evacuation of wounded from Dunkirk.

Yorke Stevenson correspondence, July 31, 1917-July 11, 1918, can be found in this subseries. It contains such material as: correspondence on the death of explorer and driver George F. Norton at the front, correspondence concerning working with a Harjes Unit covering an entire French Army Corps, and the wounding of W. H. Pearl. There is Stevenson correspondence with A. P. Andrew on the subject of the men of the Section wanting to leave to take up more desirable positions with the American Army after U.S. entry into the War, and Andrew correspondence with Stevenson hoping to retain the men of the Field Service for the United States Army Ambulance Service. There is correspondence concerning Stevenson's commission in the U.S.A.A.S. and the description of the administration of the service under U.S. Army jurisdiction. There are accounts of direct shell hits on ambulances, gassing of drivers and subsequent damage to ambulances, and lists of men who signed on for the duration of the war in the U.S.A.A.S.

S.S.U. #1 personnel lists with a photo of the Section in March 1915, can be found within this subseries. Additional material relating to the history of Section 1 can be found in the Field Service 3-volume history, in Headquarters Subseries #1 concerning Roger Balbiani, Robert Maclay and Herbert Townsend, as well as in the Ambulance Section History Series.

See S. Prescott Fay Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.1

See Mark V. Brenner Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.1

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English S.S.U. #2: Field Correspondence Subseries, January 1, 1915 - October 30, 1917

Correspondence concerning Section 2 is complete from the time it served under the American Hospital at Neuilly, until it was taken over by the United States Army Ambulance Service. It also contains the correspondence of its various section heads, Edward V. Salisbury, Walter Lovell, J. Marquand Walker, H. A. Webster, F. D. Ogilvie, and Charles Freeborn.

There is correspondence concerning section personnel re: drinking, faking sickness, commendations, and the need for money. Correspondence for 1915 indicates a high level of morale among the men, as well as efficiency, and the hope that Headquarters will not have to send new men to the front. There is also much criticism of the American Hospital's Transportation Committee for not keeping ambulances in the field in better repair. There are statistics for the three-month period of May, June, and July 1915, indicating that the Section had carried 20,000 wounded, and traveled 35,000 miles, and that the men want the moral and material support of the Transport Committee.

The series contains the manuscript of the poem written by Emery Pottle entitled, "The Ambulance Driver," December 1915, as well as E. V. Salisbury's complaints to Headquarters concerning the poor quality of the French officer attached to the Section, and Salisbury's plan to set up an automobile repair park for the service, which he ultimately did.

Correspondence from Section Head Walter Lovell on the subject of the discontent of the men due to lack of action, and the hope that A. P. Andrew can see to it that the Section gets a new assignment. There is also correspondence from Lovell to Andrew concerning the fall in morale among the men due to lack of action and material support from the hospital. Andrew's answer is found here concerning the forthcoming independence of the Field Service from the American Hospital and the fact that a new regime will be setting in with better men from the States, more money, and therefore more and better supplies. There is correspondence in the series concerning the forthcoming trip of Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt to the Front to inspect the sections, as well as a petition from the men of Section 2 asking for a better assignment, and their willingness to go, as a section, to Salonika, as talk concerning raising an ambulance section for that front was abundant.

With the new assignment of the Section came correspondence on operations under fire, and driving through shell holes on roads in which the wounded were knocked unconscious by the jolts of the ambulances. There is correspondence from H. A. Webster, artist and section head, relating to his war sketches which can be found in this Record Group, as well as general administrative correspondence concerning Section 2.

The series contains a list of donors to Section 2, correspondence on the subject of the wounding of, and Croix de Guerre for, J. M. Walker, and Harry Iselin's promotion to Sous Chef de Section. There is also Andrew correspondence to Charles Freeborn on the subject of the U.S. Government's forthcoming recognition of the service of the American Field Service and its incorporation into a much expanded U.S. Army Ambulance Service, and also the fact that the French Army will be finding many more places at the front for AFS men to serve.

See Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.#2.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #3: Field Correspondence Subseries, January 1, 1915- March 22, 1917

This series contains the correspondence of Lovering Hill, Section Leader of S.S.U. #3 during a major portion of World War I, and a distinguished Field Service personality. Harvard graduate, Head of Section 3 from 1915 to 1917, lawyer in Paris in the years between the Wars, it was Hill who directed the American Field Service

while it operated with the French armies before the fall of France in 1940. He later served with the O.S.S. during World War II. During the First World War, he was an intimate of A. P. Andrew and Stephen Galatti, who was his Harvard classmate.

The correspondence includes that of Hill to A. P. Andrew on the need to promote men from the ranks, in praise of Powel Fenton and Henry Suckley, and the latter's promotion to Sous Chef de Section. There is Hill correspondence from the Vosges battle front indicating that Stephen Galatti, who had been recruited by Harvard classmate Henry Suckley, was about to join the Field Service, and that Hill requested that Andrew post him to Section 3.

There is Lovering Hill correspondence to Andrew mentioning the pine tree digging party at Hartmanswilerkopf, one of the trees of which was planted by Andrew on his Gloucester, Massachusetts estate to commemorate the Field Service contributions to France, and the connection of France to the United States.

There is Lovering Hill correspondence with A. P. Andrew on the subject of illness in the section and the need for a better diet for the men in spite of American Hospital Committee budgets. There is a description of the battle for Hartmanswilerkopf and a need for double thick canvas covers for the ambulances to keep out the cold, as well as a diagram of the same.

Correspondence exists between Hill and Andrew on the subject of the qualifications of Galatti or Suckley as head of a new section with Hill's opinion on the value of Galatti's Harvard football experience for such a job. Hill's correspondence with Andrew also contains that concerning the ambulance sections being placed under the control of the division to which it was attached, and the division doctor, instead of the Automobile Service.

Section 3 correspondence contains material on the July 16, 1916, independence of the Field Service from the American Hospital's Transportation Committee, the forthcoming move of the Section from Alsace, and Hill's advice to Andrew on Galatti's becoming Andrew's Adjutant in Paris. There is a considerable correspondence on the death of Richard Hall in Alsace, and German shelling in the Vosges and the German attack there that kept the Section from transferring out. There is Hill correspondence on going "en repos" in Nancy, and the enthusiasm among all the men about being sent to the Verdun Sector in February 1916. Much correspondence exists here on the Field Service films, and Galatti's trip to the United States to market them and thereby raise money and men for the Service.

Correspondence can be found in this series on the wounding of William Barber and his citations, the removal of Waldo Peirce from the Section due to his "Quartier Latin existence," and H. Suckley's acceptance of the Stock Exchange Section command. There is Hill correspondence on his need to return to America while at the same time making plans for the Section to be sent out to Salonika. Correspondence exists describing Marseilles, where the section was billeted and the troops of all the Allied nations there.

Excellent descriptions can be found here on the Salonika Front and Macedonian Campaign in which Section 3 was involved. Much of this centers around the difference in the fighting due to the terrain, comparing trench warfare on the Western Front with the mountain warfare in the Orient and the difficulties of evacuating the wounded. The constant need for spare parts and breaking of springs on impassable mountain roads is described here. There is a photo of the Section on the way to Salonika, material concerning the deaths of Edward Sortwell and Henry Suckley there, as well as correspondence on the heavy fighting. Hill's letter of resignation of January 30, 1917, sent to Andrew and his letter of explanation concerning why he must leave the Section can be found in this series.

There is Lovering Hill correspondence to both Andrew and Galatti indicating that the men of Section 3 are restless with the lack of news coming to the Orient in the aftermath of the U.S. Declaration of War, most of them, including Hill, wishing to join a branch of the fighting services. Andrew and Galatti correspondence to Hill urges him to sit tight and await the expansion of the AFS and its formal recognition by the U.S. Government. There is Hill correspondence indicating his annoyance with Galatti in keeping men in the dark over U.S. intentions in order to preserve the Field Service, and much correspondence from Hill indicating his displeasure with the quality of new men coming out to the Orient and his desire to get into the active fighting, not so much to help the United States, but to help France.

See Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.#3.

See Berkeley Michael Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.#3

World War I Drivers' Journals, Diaries, and Personal Collections Series, 1914-1959, arranged alphabetically, 8 linear feet, French and English. S.S.U. 3 Diary (author unknown), April 15, 1916 -January 7, 1917

It is a pity that the author of this diary is unknown for it is a most significant account of one of the most famous sections of the AFS in World War I. "Doc' Carey, Waldo Peirce, Arthur Bluethenthal, Charles Codman, Henry Suckley, Walter Wheeler, and of course, the section's outstanding leader, Lovering Hill, are among the men whose doings are described in such a human way in these pages.

The diary shows Hill to be the leader he was. He had a way of being with his men, but not of them. The respect that he commanded and his authority were undisputed. He was a man of culture and character, a real personality. Waldo Peirce, artist and bon vivant, also kept the men in stitches with his "Comptes Drolles."

The Diary is a fine source for its description of the movements of the Section. Evacuating Postes de Secours at Tantonville, Maizenville, and Lay St. Christophe, in the area of Nancy, where the section had made good friends among the local French population, it then moved 118 kilometers to Bar-le-Duc following the 129th French Division into combat in the Verdun Sector. The diarist writes, "Traffic on the main road to Verdun was something extraordinary. There were two unbroken lines of camions filled with troops and ammunition which never stopped rolling, day or night. 10,000 camions within the space of 24 hours passed through Erize La Petite on the way to Verdun." Another aspect of Verdun that is described was the continuous roar of the artillery. The carnage and devastation that he writes of is horrifying to a modern reader. Operating on roads that were roads in name only, actually nothing more than one shell hole after another, and under continuous blanketing shell fire, the courage and endurance of these men becomes immediately apparent. Even more apparent is their modesty, in that they recognized that what they did was little compared to the French infantry encountering almost certain death in attack after attack.

Perhaps the most significant part of the diary is the description of the Section's expedition to the Macedonian Front, which is complete in its details, from the sea voyage to encountering the extreme difficulty of maneuvering in such mountainous terrain. Although the little Ford ambulance could do just about anything on the Western Front, the Balkans were different. In many cases, the demands on the motors were too great. The description of the area is not quickly forgotten. The voices of 6,000 Russian troops singing hymns in the blackness of the night, and the sound rolling over their listening American allies across the river is one memorable scene among very many in this account.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #4: Field Correspondence Subseries, June 12, 1916 - October 26, 1917

The correspondence contains Section Chief Oliver Hazard Perry's congratulations to A. P. Andrew on the independence of the Field Service from the American Hospital in July 1916. There is much correspondence between Perry and Andrew on the issue of spare parts for ambulance repair, shortages of men for the Section, as well as an offer to Sigurd Hansen to come in to Headquarters to take over the administration of the cars coming in from the repair park and held in a motor pool until they are recycled to the Front

There is angry correspondence between Galatti and Perry, with Perry insisting that the Section is understaffed, and demanding a say in the management of his section, or threatening to quit as section head. Perry was of the belief that each section should make its own rules. There is A. P. Andrew correspondence with Perry gently indicating that he was overspending on his section budget.

Section 4 correspondence contains that between Perry and Andrew concerning Perry's resignation as Section Chief, and Perry's hope that William de Ford Bigelow would succeed him. Perry's suggestions to Andrew that the Field Service not be expanded until all of the sections were at peak efficiency is found here. Perry's criticism that the center did not know what the periphery was doing and vice versa, certainly could not have sat too well at Headquarters.

It is perhaps an indication that Perry's criticism struck home that the first correspondence from Bigelow as Section Chief is to Andrew indicating the pleasure of the men of Section 4, and his own, of Andrew's recent visit to the Section at the Front. There is also Bigelow correspondence describing restlessness of the men after the U.S. Declaration of War in April 1917, and his suggestion that the Field Service ask the French Army to let it do all of the really dangerous work of evacuation. This would leave the French ambulance units free to work behind the lines and at the base hospitals. This, Bigelow felt, would make the men feel better about staying in the AFS.

The correspondence of Section 4 contains the texts of citations to the Section by the French Divisional Command, and the citations for the Croix de Guerre for Bigelow and William Wallace for bravery under fire, in December 1916.

Correspondence exists from Bigelow to Galatti asking for Julian Allen, who had recently been given command of the new Section 29, to replace him as Chief of Section 4, Allen's old squad. There is also correspondence from William Wallace indicating that seven ambulances had been hit in a recent action, and that the death of driver Osborn had been a sobering experience for everyone. There is correspondence from Harry Iselin, who as new Chef de Section had replaced Bigelow, now Chief of Staff at Headquarters in Paris, concerning the new German gas shell, and the Section's losses under heavy fire in August 1917.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #8: Field Correspondence Subseries, May 26, 1916 - October 27, 1917

A large part of the correspondence of S.S.U. 8 is from its most important section head, Austin Mason, to A. P. Andrew. There is Mason correspondence concerning moving up to Verdun, and the good nature and value of Lt. Paroissien, the French liaison officer attached to the Section. Evacuation of wounded under shell fire and gas bomb attacks is described, as well as Mason's account of having to send back a driver who could not stand the sight of wounded at the postes de secours. There are accounts of going "en repos" at Brabant-le-Roi, and then running back up to Verdun once more from Dugny. Austin Mason describes the lack of quarters, and the need for a tent and camp kitchen, as well as the nasty run up to the Front.

There is Mason administrative correspondence with Andrew concerning splitting the Section into two squads, working side by side with Section 1, the news of the Section citation in July 1916. There was a considerable disturbance over what was thought to be a politically motivated citation coming from the recommendation of Lt. Paroissien for a friend, which caused a flare-up among the men of the section. Mason refused to accept his individual Croix de Guerre. Many of the men did not wish to accept the Section citation, which was one of three found in this correspondence. One of these was for damage the Section received when a shell fell in the midst of the Section cantonment destroying a number of cars.

The series contains Mason correspondence to Andrew on the subject of the wish of the men to move with the 16th French Division to the Somme Sector, and the news that the Section would henceforth be attached to the army and not to the Divisional structure. Poor morale among the men is described in this series with Mason complaining that the men are acting like conscripts instead of volunteers. Poor morale usually was associated with long periods of "repos," most of the men actually wishing hard and dangerous assignments, but by no means all.

There is correspondence concerning the wounding of the 16th Division Commander, General Le Gallet, by German sharpshooters, the killing of his chauffeur, and the wounding of two officers. Much correspondence can be found on the effect of the cold winter on the men. There are descriptions of hard work for the Section in March 1917, near Vadelaincourt, where the Section had evacuated over 150 wounded per day. There is Mason correspondence concerning his wish to return to the United States and the appointment of new Chef de Section Douglas Dodge. There is Dodge correspondence with Andrew on the subject of the Section being depleted of its best men to form the nucleus of new ambulance sections. Correspondence exists on the operations of the Section in the Verdun Sector near Chalons in May 1917.

The subseries also contains two pen and ink drawings by members of the Section. One is the "Permissionaries Boots of old 8," the other, "The Menu, Café Floride,' December, 1917.

See G. Van Santvoord Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.#8.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #9: Field Correspondence Subseries, August 17, 1916- October 31, 1917

This series contains the correspondence of the highly respected section leader Carlton Burr. Harvard graduate, sometime banker in Boston, head of Section 9 from August, 1916, to January 1917, Burr was killed in action in France on July 19, 1918, while as a First Lieutenant of the 6th Regiment, United States Marines, he led an infantry attack near Vierzy.

The correspondence of Section 9 contains Burr's communications from Alsace concerning the weight of the ambulances on the steep mountain grades of that sector, and his unhappiness concerning some of his men wishing to get into the new section bound for Salonika. There is A. P. Andrew correspondence with Burr wishing that he write on behalf of his section to Mrs. Vanderbilt to thank her for all of her help rendered to the AFS. Burr also writes about the death of Edward Kelly and the wounding of Roswell Sanders by shell fire. There is much Burr correspondence to AFS Headquarters complaining about the lack of sustained action in the Alsace area and his wish that the Section be transferred to a more active area.

Section 9 correspondence contains Burr's communication appointing Walter Jepson as Sous Chef de Section and indicating that he will resign from the Service to return to the United States. Andrew correspondence to Burr of December 5, 1917, indicates the former's extremely Francophile sentiments and hopes that the men of the Section will share these views helping to expand the Field Service, on the one hand, and make it stable, on the other. There is also correspondence on the need for replacement tools lost in the Battle of Verdun.

Jepson's correspondence echoes that of Burr in the wish to find more work and battle action for his section. There is Andrew correspondence to Jepson commending him for holding the Section together in spite of its lack of action. With Jepson's hospitalization, Sous Chef G. Russell Cogswell's correspondence with Stephen Galatti describes the long-awaited front-line duty of the section and its rescue of two downed aviators under fire while on the ground, from a German plane. The Section's citation for the Croix de Guerre is found here, as well as extended correspondence with Headquarters on the militarization of the ambulance sections upon the U.S. entry to the War, and appointments as NCOs and commissioned officers. The series also contains a listing of the men who served in Section 9, and the universities and colleges that they had attended in the United States.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. Vosges Detachment Subseries, December 28, 1916-August 3, 1917

This subseries contains the correspondence of Louis Hall, Head of the Vosges Detachment. Louis Hall was the brother of Richard N. Hall, the first American Field Service man to die in action in France.

Hall's correspondence is from the Troyes and later the Weiler Section of the Vosges Region, and deals with green men in the Section, and the problems that he faced with cars not able to make the steep grades of the mountains. There is correspondence to Headquarters concerning working postes de secours at Thann, Alt-Thann, Goldbach, and Bain-Douche under conditions of extreme cold weather. Hall writes of men having to brush their teeth in rum because the water was almost always frozen. Cars warmed night and day for immediate use are reported. Concerning the Detachment's work in the Vosges, A. P. Andrew wrote to Mrs. Henry Paine Whitney in 1916, "Valley Forge has nothing on them."

Hall's correspondence outlines his problems with the French commanding officer in the region who did not give the Detachment's men the kind of backing they both wanted and expected. Hall's tolerance, patience and good will were tested to the point that he considered pulling out, however, the possibility of battle action in the area kept him there, as the correspondence indicates.

The subseries contains a list of men in the Vosges Detachment and their university affiliations.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #10: Field Correspondence Subseries, December 29, 1916-November 2, 1917

Much of the early correspondence in this subseries is that of Henry Suckley, Chef de Section of S.S.U. 10, a Harvard classmate of Stephen Galatti and Lovering Hill, and one of the Field Service's most respected section leaders. Suckley was killed in action in the Balkans during a German aerial attack on Section Headquarters on March 24, 1917.

There is correspondence in this series from Henry Suckley to Headquarters from Marseilles on the way to Salonika describing troops from all parts of the French colonial empire at the great French port of exit and entry. There is an auto park report on equipment sent out to the Balkans, and correspondence relating to Robert Bacon's fund set up for AFS use. There is Suckley correspondence to Galatti on the subject of breakdowns and lack of parts with comments concerning how Sections 3 and 10 cannot supply each other. There is also Suckley correspondence concerning men wishing to return home or to the French Front due to lack of work for the Section, boredom, and the prospects of having to endure malaria in the Balkan summer. There is Suckley correspondence with Galatti concerning an agreement that Sections 3 and 10 were to share a common supply dump in Salonika, and the failure to implement such an agreement. There are also Suckley complaints to Headquarters about the policy, as he perceived it. Finally there is Suckley correspondence with A. P. Andrew threatening resignation.

The series contains correspondence on the subject of Henry Suckley's death in Albania, suggestions concerning appointing Kimberly Stuart new Section Head, and the correspondence from sections about the status of the AFS in relation to the U.S. entry into the War in April 1917. There is Stuart correspondence as Section Head indicating that he does not want the job, and wishes to go into aviation. There is also Alfred Brace correspondence with Headquarters offering to write the official history of the Field Service. There is Selden Senter correspondence with Headquarters indicating that the section had worked only eight days during the one French attack, and the desire of the men to go home or to go back to the French Front.

Correspondence from Andrew exists on the proposed fusion of Sections 3 and 10, while Section 10 correspondence to Headquarters disputes the need for the Section in the Orient owing to lack of action.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #12: Field Correspondence Subseries. February 14, 1917-June 6, 1986

The subseries contains the correspondence of Harry Iselin, who immediately upon taking command of the Section formed in February 1917, found himself in the hospital with scarlet fever. James Gillespie, as Acting Chef de Section, reported on discipline of the men by the French Command for giving locations in the field in correspondence sent home to the United States. Gillespie correspondence mentions the great attack in which the Section was involved, carrying 156 men beginning on March 6, 1917, and 500 more wounded on March 7.

There is Iselin correspondence upon his return to the Section, asking if the Section could be transferred to Russia as the men are young and searching for adventure. There is Headquarters correspondence with the new head of Section 12, R. C. Cone, asking for information on potential section heads to be transmitted to Headquarters in Paris, and correspondence concerning enrolling in the Officers Training School at Meaux. There is a list of men in Section 12 with their university affiliations, a photograph of the Section, as well as a photocopy of a section diary by an unknown author which fills in much of what the Section correspondence fails to say about places of action, battles, and the individual efforts of the men who served under the heaviest of enemy fire.

Supplementary material on the work of Section 12 can be found in Julian H. Bryan, Ambulance 464: Encore Des Blessés (New York, 1918).

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #13: Field Correspondence Subseries, February 28, 1917- October 30, 1917

This series begins with correspondence of the Section's first commander, B. C. Read, who comments that the Section had reached the Front near Chalons only two days out of Paris and was already in action. Read correspondence to Andrew in Paris describes evacuating postes de secours within one kilometer of German trenches, and eleven ambulances operating in the French attack on March 7, 1917. He describes being shelled in the Maison de Compagne attack in early March, and the men being "tickled" when a German 77 shell landed within 15 feet of them.

There is correspondence from Read preparatory to participating in what was anticipated as the largest French attack since the Marne, and expecting the work to be the heaviest that any AFS section had to face until that time. There is also Read correspondence indicating that the American lightweight Ford was much preferable to the heavier English section ambulances with which they were working.

There is correspondence from Phillip K. Potter, who followed Read as Chef de Section, concerning the unit citation and the Croix de Guerre being awarded to Robert Henry Scannell for conspicuous gallantry in evacuating wounded from an artillery post under heavy fire.

There is a section petition concerning the appointment of James Loundsberry as Section Chief to follow in the footsteps of Potter, and correspondence indicating the rapid changes in personnel as the United States took over the ambulance service, and men leaving for other services.

American Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919,3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #14: Field Correspondence Subseries, March 16, 1917- October 26, 1917

S.S.U. 14 was composed largely of the men of the first Leland Stanford University Unit, and was under the command of Allan Muhr who served the Field Service, first as comptroller in Paris beginning in 1915, and later in the field. Muhr was commissioned a captain in the U.S.A.A.S. when the United States entered the War in April 1917.

There is a letter in this series describing A. P. Andrew up on a hill at the Front looking about him, which may have provided the setting for Waldo Peirce's painting of Colonel Andrew. There is Muhr correspondence noting the arrival in the field of Sections 15 and 16, and his congratulations to Andrew on the latter's award of the Legion d'Honneur. There is Arthur Kimber correspondence relating to the arrival of the second Stanford unit in France. There is A. P. Andrew correspondence with Muhr concerning Pierre Fischoff's promotion to Sous Chef de Section and his Croix de Guerre, with Andrew vetoing the promotion and Muhr's strong objection to this.

The series contains Allan Muhr correspondence with Andrew on the former's hope to be commissioned a Captain in the U.S.A.A.S., and Andrew's comment that no commission higher than lieutenant will be granted by the U.S. Army for field commanders. There is correspondence relating to the men who will enlist in the U.S.A.A.S., and lists of men who did so enlist, as well as a list of the men serving in S.S.U. 14.

See Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.14.

See Archibald Dudgeon Photographic Archives Index, S.S.U.14

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Subseries, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #15: Field Correspondence Subseries, April 12, 1917 - October 30, 1917

This series contains Alex Henderson correspondence as Chef de Section 15, indicating that the Section was in action just 47 hours after leaving Paris, beating Section 13's record of getting quickly to the Front. There is a citation for James Austin Liddell, whose ambulance was hit in the first hours of the Section at the Front. Correspondence exists indicating that Earl Osborn was appointed Sous Chef de Section per interim, the designation of which caused administrative friction with the Section's French lieutenant.

There is correspondence from Earl Osborn to Headquarters indicating that there is much musical talent in the Section, and that the men would find the light work load much easier to take if they had a selection of musical instruments to keep them busy. The series contains further Osborn correspondence indicating that the Section was coming under heavy bombardment most of the time, in spite of the fact that neither side was attacking at the time. There is Section to Headquarters correspondence indicating that Arthur Meyer was about to be given a citation for bravery when he was sent back to Paris, and that the family wished to know if he had been awarded the Croix de Guerre. There is further Osborn correspondence to Headquarters saying that he wished to see the American Ambulance taken over by the U.S. Army to instill better discipline in the men, and to make it a more professional organization.

An account exists, written by the Section's French lieutenant, saying that both Earl Osborn and Rick Dominic had been severely wounded by shell fire while evacuating postes de secours at La Claire sur les Claires Chenes in August 1917, just before the major attack took place at Mort Homme.

There is David Van Alstyne correspondence to Headquarters as Sous Chef de Section concerning work of the Section at the Battle of Mort Homme, lists of named ambulances in the Section, as well as a list of section personnel and their university affiliations.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #16: Field Correspondence Subseries, April 22, 1917 - June 8, 1918

This series contains the correspondence of Franklin Glazier as Chef de Section 16 which is largely administrative, dealing with personnel of the Section, supplies, and reenlistment. There is also correspondence by the Section commander who followed Glazier, Bruce Holm McClure, which is similar to that of Glazier in terms of content, with the exception that McClure was responsible for getting his men to sign up for the U.S.A.A.S., if possible. Correspondence between McClure and Headquarters on this issue and the matter of commissions is found in this series.

The Section history written by Franklin Glazier is by far one of the most interesting documents to be found in the collection. It indicates that the Section operated wholly in the Verdun Sector during the August 1917 offensive, and that all the men had volunteered for the Service before the United States entered the War, showing that the main motive for their coming was to help France. The history contains an exceptional description of topography and the villages of the region in which the Section served. The history also describes the Section operating under heavy and continuous shell fire, the weather and the forever present mud, as well as the Section's participation in the attack on Avocourt. This history, by the Sections's commander, a Yale man from South Orange, New Jersey, is notable for its literary style and for the complete account it gives of the Section and its operations.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #18: Field Correspondence Subseries, August 3, 1917- October 29, 1917

There is correspondence in this series offering the opinion that Ralph Richmond is one of the most valuable men in the Service. There is also William Slidell correspondence as Chef de Section indicating to Headquarters that most of his men would not like to have the Service come under the umbrella of the U.S. Army in that they came as volunteers and would like to continue in that way.

The correspondence also indicates the award of a Section citation on September 9, 1917, as well as Slidell's rejection of the offer of a commission in the U.S.A.A.S. There is Frank Boyd correspondence as Sous Chef during the interim period between commanders indicating that he would like to attend officers training at Meaux and accept a commission. He eventually changed his mind about this.

Headquarters correspondence with the Section indicates a major shake-up in the structure and personnel of the Section in September 1917 as the U.S.A.A.S. took over the Field Service, sending men of one section to another as well as their officers.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #19: Field Correspondence Subseries, July 31, 1917 -October 26, 1917

Section 19 correspondence contains its commander Lynn MacPherson's communications with A. P. Andrew concerning Donald Belcher's Croix de Guerre. There is also MacPerson correspondence with Headquarters concerning lack of discipline within the Section, which, in the view of its commander, is due to the fact that the Section had been out for four months, and had not seen anything that resembled an attack. There is MacPherson correspondence with Andrew on the subject of the low morale within the section and his hopes that the Section would be sent to some active sector of the Front, where in one week of activity all of the problems plaguing the Section would be gone. MacPherson's remarks are especially noteworthy concerning the boredom and tedium of war and its effects on the men under his command.

There is also correspondence relating to enlistment in the U.S.A.A.S. and commissions.

Ambulance Section Field Correspondence Series, 1915-1919, 3 feet, arranged chronologically by section, French and English. S.S.U. #30: Field Correspondence Subseries, August 1, 1917- October 16, 1917

Correspondence in this subseries is largely that of its section commander Ralph Richmond with A. P. Andrew. Richmond, a Harvard graduate, who attained later significance as one of the AFS drivers with the French Army during the battle for France in World War II, and then as Commander with the rank of Colonel of all AFS units attached to the British Armies in World War II.

Richmond's World War I correspondence indicates that his section was in action around Dugny evacuating hospitals when they came under heavy shell fire in August, 1917. He describes two nurses being killed and five attendants wounded, two doctors killed and five wounded in this engagement.

There is Richmond correspondence responding to the offer from Headquarters for a commission in the U.S.A.A.S. as First Lieutenant. There are friendly letters to Andrew hoping that the latter will visit Richmond's section, and thanking him for calling on his wife who was living in France during the War. There is also correspondence from Andrew to Richmond concerning the new U.S.A.A.S. sections arriving in France from the United States, and the new U.S.A.A.S. ambulances that Andrew considered useless in terms of design.

High hopes for a large recruitment of men from Richmond's section into the U.S.A.A.S. were dashed, according to Richmond, by lack of work for the men, and lack of sufficient information supplied by U.S. Army Recruiting Officers concerning the future of the Service. Richmond correspondence indicates that had the Section had active evacuation work at the Front for more than one month in three, the number of recruits would have been larger. There is correspondence regretting the passing of the old order of things now that the U.S. Army had taken over the Field Service.

Section Histories and Historical Reports Series, December 1914 -December 1916, 6 inches, arranged by section, French and English

One of the first histories of Section 2, or the Dunkirk Section, as it was known in the last months of 1914 and early 1915, was written by A. P. Andrew, who at the time was a driver in the Section, and its Section Head, until the end of November 1915. He then became Inspector of Ambulances for the American Hospital. Most of the histories are of significance not just for their exceptional descriptive detail of battle actions and the evacuation work of the Field Service, but also because they describe the work of the sections under the umbrella of the American Hospital in the early days of the War.

Andrew's History of the Dunkirk Section from January 1915 to November 1915, indicates that the man who would later become the commander of the American Field Service as an independent arm of the French Army, and then a Lt. Colonel in the American Army Ambulance Service, worked in the mud at Neuilly to get his car ready for the field, did night driving under heavy bombardment at Dunkirk and under aerial attack, and knew all aspects of ambulance construction. He describes German aerial bombings of Dunkirk, speaks about the costs of war in mutilated and dead, generally giving Front that would later be printed in his collected letters to his family. The series also contains Andrew's reports as Staff Inspector of Ambulances of the American Hospital in March 1915, suggesting that no driver at the Front under the Field Service of the American Hospital be a non-American. His reports are especially valuable for the information that they give on the early organization of ambulance sections in the field, and their connections with the French Army.

The series also contains the Report of Squad "A," to Andrew in April 1915. It is by an unknown author who had lived in France for many years, and who was serving in the field, on the lack of etiquette of the Hospital in not having a French officer attached to the ambulance sections, the dissatisfaction of the French officials with the sight-seeing attitude of some of the drivers, and the fact that this keeps them from getting the important evacuation assignments at the Front. All of these criticisms were acted upon by Andrew when the Field Service became independent of the Hospital. The series also contains J. G. B. Campbell's Letters From a Motor Ambulance Man at Dunkirk, May, 1915, which describes work in cooperation with British ambulance sections in evacuation work in the vicinity of Poperinghe and Dunkirk, gas attacks, the wrecks of men produced by such attacks, as well as the poignant story of his dog, "Khaki," that can also be found in the AFS World War I Publications Series. E. B. Hayden's Historical Account of the Dunkirk Section, January 3 to July 15, 1915, complements that of Andrew and Campbell already mentioned.

John Halcott Glover's "Historical Report of Section Sanitaire Américaine Y" (Section 2), is a noteworthy literary, as well as historical effort. It is a day-by-day detailed account of the work of the Section in the battle progressing around Pont-à-Mousson for the period of March to May 1915. It discusses the Section's first experience under shell fire at Dieulouard, the great kindness of the French toward the Section and its outstanding commander, Edward V. Salisbury, both of whom won the Croix de Guerre. There is a description of the fighting around Clos Bras and Montauville when the final proof of French confidence came in entrusting most of its evacuation work to the American Section. There is a discussion of the injury and death of civilians in the war zone being common, and the fact that on May 9, 1915, all French ambulance units were withdrawn leaving the AFS alone to carry all the wounded in the Bois le Prêtre fighting. There is a description of the daily life of the Section under the heaviest of shell fire on its Pont-à-Mousson headquarters close by the German lines. Statistics on wounded carried indicate just how terrible the situation was. There is a description of the death of civilians from an exploding shell near the Section's mess, as well as the decision of the Section to pull out of Pont-à-Mousson when the fighting in the Bois le Prêtre cut the Section off from its division.

The Glover account also gives the Section citation from Le Chambre des Deputés, Republique Française, of August 6, 1915, news of the sinking of the "Arabic," and thoughts of the men of the Section and their French friends about the possibility of America entering the War. There is an account of the French offensive of September 1915, along a 25-mile front, training for gas attacks, and a discussion about the idiocy of the United States' neutrality posture. The Section History begun by Glover was completed by Justin Goddard, who takes it up to December of 1915. Goddard has a distinct interest in the aviation. He later joined it. Much of his account is descriptive of air battles above the lines observed by the Section, and aces that visited it. He also gives a good account of the meeting with President Poincaré of France, who complimented the Section on its work.

Réserve Mallet-T.M.U. Series May 10, 1917-September 27, 1948, 8 inches, arranged chronologically, French and English

Major Documents Subseries includes Lt. Martin Rhodes' "Organization of the French Army Automobile Service." This document describes the Quatrième Bureau, one of the four subdivisions of the French Army which was responsible for supply and transportation of material and personnel. It also describes a Transport Material Section (a T.M.U.), in terms of personnel and equipment. There are organization charts of the Réserve Mallet included. "Extracts from the History of the Motor Transport Corps in the A.E.F., 1917, 1918, 1919," illustrates the structure and administration of the Corps, and gives a brief history of the Réserve Mallet in its numerous campaigns. The subseries also contains Commandant Doumenc's original signed appreciation of the service rendered by the T.M. units to France during the Great War. Doumenc was the Commander of the French Automobile Service, and later served with the rank of General in World War II.

Réserve Mallet Correspondence Subseries, June 15, 1917 - July 26, 1918, contains Captain Phillip Potter correspondence as head of the American Mission-Réserve Mallet with A. P. Andrew concerning discipline within sections, militarization and opportunity for the men to choose between the Ambulance or the Réserve Mallet when militarization came, disagreements with French officers, questions of insubordination, questions of equality between American drivers and the Poilus, notice that Waldo Peirce will be at Jouaignes to make sketches of the camion service, and that Captain Richard Mallet will speak to the men. Captain Mallet's text of his address in October 1917, can be found in this subseries.

T.M.U. Correspondence Subseries, May 10,1917-November 9, 1917, contains the correspondence of a number of Transport Material Sections which were administratively part of both the Motor Transport Corps of the A.E.F. and the French Automobile Service. Correspondence for T.M.U. 133, 184, 526, 23, and 602 exists in this subseries. Generally, the correspondence deals with the composition of a T.M.U. Group and the sections, administrative correspondence concerning finance and personnel issues, food, discipline of the men within the sections, relations between American drivers and French officers, section morale, inspections by Captain Mallet and Commandant Doumenc, medical problems, and drill procedures. One of the most pressing issues that is found in the correspondence of the T.M.U.s is the question of militarization of the Service, just as it was for the ambulance units. There is much correspondence on American Army recruitment, opportunities for commissions and noncommissioned status, training, and applications for transfer to other branches of the A.E.F. There is a considerable correspondence between A. Piatt Andrew and drivers with literary leanings, on the subject of the history that the AFS was preparing, and sketches, and, or, paintings for such publications. Along these lines, correspondence from author Malcolm Cowley can be found in this series, as well as that of artist C. Leroy Baldridge.

Réserve Mallet Miscellaneous Subseries, 1918 to 1948, includes the American Field Service Bulletin, Réserve Mallet Number, for March 8, 1919. This publication contains Major Doumenc's appreciation of the Service in both French and English in the printed form, a history of the Réserve containing its origins, participation in major battles, and important dates in the Réserve's history. It is illustrated by the drawings of C. Leroy Baldridge. The subseries also contains the Brief History and Roster of the Réserve Mallet, 1918 to 1943, which was published for the 25th anniversary of the Réserve. There is a complete personnel list for the Réserve which belonged to either Major Andrew or to Captain Galatti, circa 1918. There is also an AFS Resolution passed at the time of Capt. Mallet's death in 1948.

World War I Drivers' Journals, Diaries, and Personal Collections Series, 1914-1959, arranged alphabetically, 8 linear feet, French and English. A. Piatt Andrew, Letters from France, (privately printed, 1916), edition limited to 250 copies, signed by the author and dedicated to Stephen Galatti, June 1916

In this account, Andrew gives his reasons for going to France in 1914. He also discusses his earlier political connections that brought him to the American Ambulance. There are descriptions of Paris at war, and the fact that the principal work of the Ambulance Corps had little direct relationship to the work of the American Hospital at Neuilly. Important friendships with Gabriel Puaux, a Captain on Joffre's staff, and others led to making significant connections with the French Army Automobile Service. The letters contain philosophical musings on war and its horrors, as well as his opinions that the French wish to see the War through to a successful conclusion to insure that such a thing never happens again, or, until German militarism is finally extinguished. Andrew describes the uncivilized conduct of the invading German Army toward civilians and property of great cultural value, and the German policy of terrorizing the people of France into surrender by their brutal methods of conducting war.

There are accounts of the first Vosges ambulance section that was sent out in the winter of 1915 that was to solidify the reputation of the American Field Service with the French Army command. Also included are Andrew's accounts of his own service as a driver at Dunkirk before he was named to head the ambulance sections of the American Hospital. Within the collected letters, Andrew's own anti-Wilson and William Jennings Bryan views become clear, as well as his strong antineutrality stance. In the collected letters are some printed in the Boston Herald for 1915 aimed at influencing American opinion on the War.

Included with the Andrew Diary is other correspondence of a personal nature such as letters to the French Ambassador in Washington, Jules Jusserand, and a signed letter from the Ambassador to A. P Andrew on the War and their old friendship. There is also a press release by Preston Lockwood on Andrew's career up to 1916, and a memorial pamphlet printed at the time of Andrew's death in 1936 giving many valuable remembrances of him by his men, and former French officers who worked with him during the War. An original list of terms of the Armistice of November 1918, can be found with these materials.

See A. P. Andrew Photographic Archives Index.

World War I Drivers' Journals, Diaries, and Personal Collections Series, 1914-1959 arranged alphabetically, 8 linear feet, French and English. Julian H. Bryan, Ambulance 464; Encore des Blessés (New York, 1918).

This volume written by J. H. Bryan, S.S.U. 12, is useful in that it provides one of the few explanations (notably, of course, it is one man's point of view), of the reasons that the young men of the AFS volunteered to go to France from 1915 to 1917.

Bryan describes the mental voyage from adventurism and a sense of service to real admiration for the French. His service ends on an idealistic note.