1. That Men May Live: Statement of Purpose, Fellowship of Reconciliation (undated), Nyack, N.Y.
2. NICHOLAS GILLETT, Men Against War, Gollancz, London. 1965.
3. HELENE MONASTIER, Pierre Ceresole d'après sa Correspondance, à la Baconnière, Neuchâtel, 1960.
5. Called International Voluntary Service in Great Britain and the USA to avoid confusion with 'civil (i.e. governmental) service', but known internationally by its French name, Service Civil International, or simply SCI.
8. Quoted in GILLETT, op. cit.
9. Quoted in MONASTIER, op. cit.
21. HELENE MONASTIER, Paix, Pelle et Pioche, Editions du SCI, Zürich, 1955.
22. MONASTIER, Correspondance.
24. MONASTIER, Paix, Pelle et Pioche.
25. MONASTIER, Correspondance.
26. MONASTIER, Paix, Pelle et Pioche.
27. MONASTIER, Correspondance.
29. Quoted in MONASTIER, Correspondance.
35. A successful workcamp organized in southern France.
36. MONASTIER, Correspondance.
38. This debate between the timorous and intrepid is being repeated today, thirty-five years later, over the creation of a United Nations service corps.
1. ERIC GOLDMAN, Rendez-vous with Destiny, Vintage Books, New York, 1958.
2. KENNETH HOLLAND ,Youth in European Labour Camps. American Council on Education, Washington, D.C., 1939.
3. Holland (see note), an American, made a comparative study of European labour services, the results of which led to the creation of Associated junior Workcamps, discussed below.
4. MONASTIER, Paix, Pelle et Pioche.
6. To this day, indeed, organizations have wisely avoided any projects that could attract a 'strike-breaker' charge. Leaders preparing camps usually include local trade union leaders in rounds of pre-project visits.
8. Agricultural independence, or 'bread freedom' as it was called, was designed to ensure the Reich's military impregnability.
11. German Education Today, quoted in ibid.
12. MONASTIER, Correspondance.
14. Workcamps --- A Practical Handbook, Associated junior Work Camps. Inc., New York, 1946.
15. The Deweyite concept of acquiring knowledge through personal experience --- learning by doing --- flourished among American educationists in the 1930s. Students of the Deweyite Putney School, founded in southern Vermont in 1935, built a huge barn, kitchen-dining-room unit, library, and dormitory in the School's first years. Since the war, their efforts supplemented by, international workcamps organized at the School each summer, they have constructed a classroom block and several dormitories. The student work projects, carried out two or three afternoons a week, are considered by Putney School to be as integral a part of the education it offers as the traditional university preparatory classroom instruction.
16. Adventure in Pioneering, Labour Zionist Movement, New York, 1957.
17. Chichiwere: Voluntary Workcamps for West Africa, Accra, 1958.
18. Letter from E. St. John Catchpool to the author, 15 January 1965.
19. From the YHA magazine 'The Rucksack', quoted in Oliver Coburn, Cornerstones of International Understanding, YHA, London, 1953.
21. Work and forestry camps for young delinquents, not 'considered as a frill or fringe programme but as an integral part of youth rehabilitation',[ Report and Recommendation of Ad Hoe Committee on Work Camps, New York City Youth Board, mimeographed (undated --- about 1936)] were organized in the USSR during the New Economic Policy period and, from 1931 onwards, in several states of the USA. This rather special use of workcamping is discussed in Chapter 5..
22. PETER QUENNELL, London's Underworld, Spring Books (undated --- about 1962).
23. WILLIAM JAMES, The Moral Equivalent of War, International Voluntary Service, Cabot, Vermont. 1960.
24. CHRIS ALLEN, 'Summer in Arcadia', Service, International Voluntary Service, London, April 1965.
25. RUDI SUPEK, Omladina Na Putu Bratsva, Mladost, Belgrade, 1963.
26. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU, The Discovery of India, Meridan Books, London, 1956.
28. MONASTIER, Correspondance.
34. MONASTIER, Paix, Pelle et Pioche.
1. Quoted in WOLFGANG SONNTAG, The Peace Corps Idea (mimeographed), Pendle Hill, USA, 1965.
2. Adventure Through Service, brochure published by Concordia, London, 1962.
3. French underground force which continued to fight the Germans throughout the war, even though the French Government had capitulated.
4. It should be noted for the record that not all Equipe members were fanatic Fascists. While many later volunteered for the detested S S and Vichy Milice, a few joined the resistance.
5. Conversation with the author, Maurice Leonte, September 1966.
MILOSLAV JANICIJEVIC, Economic, Social and Educational Importance of Voluntary Work of Youth, People's Youth of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, mimeographed (undated --- about 1958).
LAVOSLAV TORTI, Some Practical Problems of Organization of International Voluntary Work Service, Union of Yugoslav Youth, Belgrade, mimeographed (undated --- about 1962).
7. Members of the underground.
8. Quoted in JAMES H. FORE8T, Catholics and Conscientious Objection, Catholic Peace Fellowship, New York, 1966.
9. The author knows of at least one case where in the 1950s a young American volunteered to do civilian service without having been conscripted. The perplexed draft board (tribunal) at first refused, then accepted his offer and he served 24 months overseas as a workcamp administrator, receiving subsistence wages.
10. Quoted in Choices, American Friends Service Committee, Philadelphia, 1959.
12. Although Britain and America were the major two belligerents making legal provision for conscientious objector alternative service, some pacifists in other countries were able to perform civilian service. In the Soviet Union, according to information given to the author by a Komsomol (Young Communist League) leader, some soldiers who refused combat duty were allowed to build bridges behind the lines.
13. SCI With and For Refugees, SCI International Secretariat, Zürich, 1964.
The British branch of SCI dropped the words 'for Peace' from its title in 1957 because the public had often incorrectly assumed that the organisation was restricted to pacifists.
14. ROY CHAMBERLAIN, Jr., 'Camp William JAMES: A Case Study', in Donald Eberly (editor), A Profile of National Service, Overseas Educational Service, New York, 1966.
15. Information on Mexican projects from Willy Begert, Manual de los Campos Internacionales de Trabajo Voluntario, Unesco, Paris, 1953. Although an updated Spanish-language edition of this useful manual has recently been issued for Latin American workcamp leaders, the English version is, unfortunately, still out of print.
18. In Work Camps for Peace, Unesco, Paris, 1948.
20. Self-Management in the Voluntary Youth Work Drives, unpublished MS., Union of Yugoslav Youth, Belgrade (undated --- about 1962).
21. The Youth Work Competitions and similar movements --- such as the massive Komsomol-inspired emigration to the Virgin Lands --- that have been in vogue in Eastern Europe since the war are not dealt with in this book, the scope of which they exceed. Rather, we are concerned with temporary voluntary labour organized outside the time, place and setting of young people's day-to-day vocational or academic preoccupations.
22. Conversation with the author, October 1966.
23. Mlodziez W Sluzbie Kraju, High Command of OHP (Volunteer Labour Squadrons, which replaced SP in 1958) --- Union of Socialist Youth and Union of Rural Youth, Warsaw, 1964.
24. JEAN JOUSSELIN, 'Au-delà du Pluralisme', Esprit, Paris, October 1945.
25. Handbook for Project Leaders, AFSC, Philadelphia, 1953.
26. 'Re-housing in the Italian Battlefields', in SCI With and For Refugees.
29. Historique de la Création du Mouvement Chrétien pour la Paix and Mouvement Chrétien pour la Paix, undated brochures published by the Swiss branch of CMP.
30. Association internationale des Compagnons Bâtisseurs --- Origine et Développement, I BO, Louvain, Luluabourg, Paris, 1963.
32. Informe Servicio Universitario del Trabajo, MS, Madrid (undated --- about 1966).
33. HENRY FROSSARD, Il a suffi d'un Moulin, l'Amitié par le Livre, Blainville-sur-Mer, France, 1966.
2. In Work Camps for Peace, op cit.
3. Letter from Hans-Peter Muller to the author, 14 October 1966.
4. In fact, there have been few such camps on account of the great expense involved in bringing volunteers halfway round the world in one direction or the other for short periods of time.
5. At the 15th Conference hardly anyone noticed when, in the euphoria of a hastily assembled carcade, an American delegation was paraded through Rosario, Argentina, in a car labelled 'Soviet Union'.
6. Speech of Welcome to the 14th World Conference of Organizers of International Voluntary Workcamps.
8. At the time of writing, the Committee is the only youth organization to enjoy Category A Consultative Arrangements with Unesco, the closest form of co-operation offered by the inter-governmental agency to international non-governmental organizations.
9. Overseas Development Ministry's written reply to M.P.'s question in the House of Commons, London, 20 April 1967.
10. Troisième Conférence des Organisateurs de Chantiers Internationaux de Volontaires, Unesco/REC/Conf.16/SR.2, Paris, 1950.
11. HENRY KAMM, 'Temple Atones for War Sins', New York Times (International Edition), Paris, 1 April 1965.
12. Présentation de Jeunesse et Reconstruction, MS, Paris (undated--- about 1965).
13. MONASTIER, Paix, Pelle et Pioche.
14. J. M. DOMENACH and A. PONTAULT, Yugoslavie, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1965,
15. Mlodziez, W Sluzbie Kraju, op cit.
16. Quoted in Chichiwere, op cit.
17. Horizons, bulletin of Concordia France, Paris, Summer 1965.
19. JANE DOWELL, 'Voluntary Service in Industrial Societies --- the Need for Re-appraisal', Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, April 1965.
20. The author does not see a direct line from mid-fifties rethinking of the workcamp method to wide use of non-manual volunteers in the mid 1960s. Nevertheless, many of the new social service volunteer agencies have at least some roots in earlier voluntary manual labour (VISTA's founders admired Quaker workcamping) and a number (e.g. Britain's Community Service Volunteers) were created by men with long workcamp experience.
1. LUC FRANCEY, 'In Direst Need', Service, International Voluntary Service, London, June 1966.
2. Le Monde, Paris, 6 September 1966.
3. Letter to the author from Miss B. De Cardi, F.S.A., Secretary of the Council for British Archaeology, 17 October 1966.
4. HANDI HASSAN, 'La Jeunesse de la planète aux terres vièrges', Bulletin d'Information, Committee of Soviet Youth Organizations, Moscow, 1965, No. 5.
5. A. PRALNIKOV, 'Start Tretego Semestra', Nedelya (Sunday supplement of Izvestia), Moscow, 12-18 June 1966.
6. GILBERT SMITH, 'Sutherland --- An Underdeveloped County?', Service, International Voluntary Service, London, February 1965.
7. ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, Jr., One Thousand Days, André Deutsch, London, 1965.
8. North Carolina Fund --- Opportunity, brochure published by the North Carolina Fund, Durham, North Carolina, 1965.
9. J. B. JUSTICE, 'Constructive Action but no New Jerusalem', Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, Spring-Summer 1966.
10. Action Sociale Etudiante, Travailleurs Etudiants du Québec, Montreal (mimeographed), July 1966.
11. 'New Patterns of Service', The Times Educational Supplement, London, 29 April 1966.
12. Aktion Sieben --- Jahresbericht 1965 (mimeographed), Zürich, December 1965.
13. G. KINGHAM, 'C.S.V. --- A New Concept of Community Service', Unesco Features, Unesco, Paris, December (11) 1965.
14. FRANK JUDD, 'Community Service: No Deadening Hand', Guardian, 4 October 1966.
15. 'Council of Social Service and Voluntary Service by Young People', Bulletin of the Standing Conference of National Voluntary Youth Organizations, London, August 1965.
16. COLIN MCGLASHAN, 'Government May Back the Young Social Volunteers', The Observer, London, 22 May 1966.
17. 'Shriver and the War on Poverty', Newsweek, New York, 13 September 1965.
18. Quoted in 'VISTA Adds Summer Volunteer Program', International Volunteer, International Secretariat for Volunteer Service, Washington, D.C., October 1966.
19. GERVASE N. LOVE, 'From Retirement to VISTA', American Federationist, American Federation of Labour --- Congress of Industrial Organizations, April 1966.
21. Quoted in American Jewish Society for Service, brochure of AJSS, New York, March 1965.
22. See, for instance, HOWARD ZINN, SNCC: The New Abolitionists, Beacon Press, Boston, 1965.
23. Letter to the author, 5 October 1966.
25. Quoted from Friends Weekend Workcamps, a brochure published by the Friends Social Order Committee, Philadelphia (undated --- about 1965).
26. 'Lagerliv sam oppnar varlden', Stockholms- Tidningen, Stockholm, 11 August 1964.
27. 'A Way out of the Impasse', Workcamps Across the World, Coordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, October 1962.
28. 'Les chantiers et la jeunesse inadaptée', paper prepared by the Yugoslav Union of Youth for CoCo's Seminar of European Workcamp Organizations, November 1966.
29. FRANZ GOTTINGER, 'Maladjusted Youth in Steiermark Forestry Camps', Workcamps Across the World, October 1962.
30. PETER KUENSTLER, 'Workcamps and Socially Maladjusted Youth', in Report of the 12th World Conference of Organizers of International Voluntary Workcamps, Mladost, Belgrade, 1960.
31. CHARLES CHAREILLE, 'Blousons noirs and Voluntary Workcamps', Workcamps Across the World, October 1962.
32. ISABEL STAEHELIN, 'The Chevrens Experiment: 1958 --- an Ecumenical Camp', Workcamps Across the World, October 1962.
33. MARY ROBERTSON, 'Borstal-University Workcamp', Workcamps Across the World, October 1962.
1. Unlike Western camps, Eastern brigades involve a large majority of nonintellectual volunteers.
2. 'Yale Announces New Program', New York Times (International Edition), Paris. 7 April 1965.
3. Though covering different types of projects taking place in different countries at different times, the studies came to convergent conclusions with respect to the informal educational impact of workcamping on young people.
4. HENRY W. RIECKEN, The Volunteer Work Camp: A Psychological Evaluation, Addison-Wesley Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1952.
5. DIETER DANCKWORTT, Educational Problems in Work Camps for Adolescents (mimeographed), Hamburg, 1956.
10. DR W. BÖHM, 'Attitudes and Experiences of Young Tourists', in An Analysis of the Impact of International Travel and Exchange Programmes on Young People, Unesco Youth Institute (mimeographed), Gauting/Munich, 1960.
12. Quoted in DANCKWORTT, op. cit.
14. 'Shriver and the War on Poverty', Newsweek, New York, 13 September 1965.
16. D. ALLEN, R. APPELBAUM, J. BREWSTER and D. KERSHAW, 'A Preliminary Evaluation of the Out-of-School Neighbourhood Youth Corps Programme in Trenton, New Jersey', Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Spring 1966.
18. 'Correspondence', Service, International Voluntary Service, London, April 1965.
19. OLGA BARTOVA, 'Why I want to Come Back', Service, International Voluntary Service, London, November 1966.
20. ALEXEI OBOKHOV, 'A Beautiful Site for Friendship', Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, February 1963.
21. JOHN MILLER, No Cloak. No Dagger, Society of Friends, London, 1965.
22. ROGER HADLEY, 'First East-West Workcamp', The Railway Review, London, 4 November 1955.
23. Letter to the author. 30 October 1966.
24. Yugoslavia never left CoCo, even at the height of the cold war. Only occasional Romanians have taken part and, to date, Albania has shown no interest in East-West workcamping. East Germany is active but has not yet joined CoCo.
25. J. RUSSEL CLEAVER, 'The Tripartite Work and Study Project', The Friends Quarterly, London, January 1965.
26. MARGARET ROSE, 'One Camp, Three Nations, Many Friends', Unesco Courier, Unesco, Paris, July-August 1965.
27. ALEKSANDAR KLAS, 'Miracle in Desert', Youth Life, Mladost, Belgrade, November 1964.
28. JANET GOODRICKE, 'The Growth of East-West Contact', Service, International Voluntary Service, London, November 1966.
1. For the purposes of this and the following chapter --- and taking into account the fallibility of generalizations, the developing countries will be divided into two groups. Underdeveloped Africa and Asia will be dealt with in this chapter, half-developed Latin America in the next. Our division is a compromise with truth, to be sure, for developing countries differ greatly among themselves, but it is the only fair one possible in limited space. Chapter 9 covering the provision of long-term volunteers to these regions will, however, revert to the simpler dichotomy between rich and poor since we shall be looking at the contribution of volunteers from industrialized countries to less industrialized nations and distinctions between levels of development of the aided regions are less important.
2. To his regret, the author has been unable to amass sufficient material on the activities of youth and student work brigades in Mainland China and North Korea, to enable him to arrive at reasonably objective conclusions as to their composition, aims and spirit.
3. RALPH HEGNAUER, Le Service Civil International en Inde et au Pakistan, SCI, Zürich (undated --- about 1956).
4. Letter to the author, 30 November 1966.
5, Letter to the author. 4 December 1966.
7. HUBERT MUTSHIPAYI, 'Potopoto and the Deluge at Katoka', Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, July-August 1962.
8. JOHN OSMERS, 'Ecumenical Work Camp in Northern Rhodesia Builds YWCA Centre --- and International Understanding', Programme Bulletin, World Young Women's Christian Association, Geneva, Spring 1960.
9. DOROTHEA WOODS, camp report in The Educational Tasks of Work Camps in Community Development, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris (undated --- 1961).
10. Operation Crossroads Africa --- Canadian Committee, publicity brochure (undated --- about 1963).
11. See, for instance, JOSEF TICHY, 'CSM Volunteers at an International Work Project in Algeria', Czechoslovak Youth, Union of Czechoslovak Youth. Prague. 1964-5.
12. 'Why BSS, What it represents, What it does', Bharat Sevak. Samaj, brochure, New Delhi (undated --- about 1957).
13. See Rashtra Seva Dal--- 'Socialist Youth Organization', Rashtra Seva Dal, brochure, Poona, 1955.
14. MICHAEL MYERSON, 'Report from Hanoi', The Realist, New York, February 1966.
15. Steadfastly inter-racial, the South African group has recently had to close down and the Rhodesian association leads, at the time of writing, an increasingly precarious if not clandestine existence.
17. GEORGE MULGRUE, 'A Tale of Two Countries', Freedom from Hunger Campaign News, March-April 1964.
18. Press release. American Friends' Service Committee, Philadelphia, 26 November 1965.
19. 'Les Écoliers aux Champs', Informations Unesco, Unesco, Paris, 11 June 1966.
20. Such an atmosphere did not reign in post-war Yugoslavia where social pressure, as we have seen, did play an important role in getting the more apathetic into volunteer brigades.
21.. KIDANE MIRIAM REDDA, 'A. Member of the Ethiopian University Service Reports', International Volunteer, International Secretariat for Volunteer Service, Washington, D.C., October 1966.
22. M. NASHAT and R. BLANDY, 'Le Corps d'Educateurs en Iran: Un Aperçu de ses Aspects sociaux et économiques', Revue Internationale du Travail, ILO, Geneva, May 1966.
23. AMIR BIRJANDI, The Education Corps Project in Iran, Ministry of Education, Tehran, March 1964.
24. The Story of Shramadana, Ceylon Freedom from Hunger Committee, Colombo, mimeographed (undated --- about 1964).
25. NURUL ISLAM, 'Concepts and Measurement of Unemployment and Under-employment in Developing Countries', International Labour Review, ILO, Geneva, March 1964.
26. RAYMOND HUMBERT, 'Les Raisons de l'Exode rural', Exode Rural, Causes et Remèdes, World Assembly of Youth, Brussels, 1963.
27. 'Unemployed Youth: An African Symposium', International Labour Review, ILO, Geneva, March 1963.
28. Status and Prospects of Children and Youth in the ECA FE Region, UN Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (mimeographed), February 1968.
29. G. E. BOURGOIGNIE, Jeune Afrique Mobilisable, Editions Universitaires, Paris, 1964.
30. After School What? Report of a joint Working Party of the Youth Department, Christian Council of Kenya and the Christian Churches Educational Association, produced by the Ministry of Health, Nairobi, 1966; 'Target' (special supplement), Nairobi, 1966.
31. 'Eléments connus', Ministry of Education, Dakar, typewritten (undated --- about 1964).
32. Report of the Youth Development Council (mimeographed), Lusaka, 1963.
33. Story told to the author by one African youth leader, November 1966.
34. C. ROUSILLION, 'Economic and Social Work for Young People during Defence Service: the Israeli Formula', International Labour Review, ILO, Geneva, January 1966. This number of the International Labour Review, devoted to mass youth mobilization schemes, gives succinct but complete information on programmes in Tunisia, the Central African Republic, Dahomey and Mali as well as the Nahal and is a must for readers wishing to study the problem more thoroughly than is possible here.
35. The following analysis does not purport to be an exhaustive study of national Afro-Asian service programmes. It is rather a survey of some of the principal problems emerging in schemes about which the author has been able to obtain oral or written information. Where sources are not cited, facts and figures have been furnished by national civil servants and youth leaders as well as experts provided under bilateral and multilateral technical assistance programmes by a variety of countries and institutions. Given the rapidly evolving situation, many statistics and some facts will inevitably soon be out of date. The major questions are, however, likely to remain the same.
36. Quoted in Les Chantiers du Travail, State Secretariat of Cultural Affairs and Information, Tunis, 1962.
37. Development Plan 1966-1970, Republic of Kenya, Nairobi (undated --- about 1965).
39. J. MOULY, 'Central African Republic: Young Pioneers', International Labour Review, ILO, Geneva, January 1966.
40. Quoted in C. ROUSILLION, 'Civic Service and Community Works in Mali', International Labour Review, ILO, Geneva, January 1966.
43. Although far distant in miles, Jamaica is close to Afro-Asia in recent history and present socio-economic situation and problems. The country is more developed than, say, Ghana but a shared colonial heritage, recent Independence and pragmatic approach even to differing levels of development mean that a Jamaican youth leader has more to talk about with a Ghanaian than with a Mexican or Peruvian youth leader.
44. A Handbook of the Social Services of Jamaica, Council of Voluntary Social Services, Kingston, 1965.
SYBIL CAMPBELL, 'The Jamaica Youth Corps', International Volunteer, International Secretariat for Volunteer Service, Washington, D.C., September 1965.
46. 'Unemployed Youth: An African Symposium', op. cit.
47. 'Les Chantiers-Ecoles', Ministry of Popular Education, Youth and Sports (mimeographed), Dakar, 1963.
50. BERNARD DUMONT, 'Les Services Civiques Africains', Coopération et Développement, Paris, March-April 1965.
1. In many Latin American countries only literates enjoy the right to vote.
2. DR. FIDEL CASTRO RUZ, Speech to the 12th Congress of the Cuban Workers' Confederation, 29 August 1966, quoted in a Prensa Latina dispatch datelined Havana, 2 September 1966.
3. A. GILLETTE, 'Voluntary Workcamping', Américas, Pan American Union, Washington, D.C., October 1963.
4. MAJNU expressly avoided limiting itself to students, the usual practice of other members of the International Student Movement for the UN, and has made every effort, instead, to attract young people from all walks of life. Volunteers on its projects have spanned the range from teachers and students to young employees, tradesmen and workers.
5. Quoted in E. A. EGG and J. M. LLORENS, 'Campamento Universitario de Trabajo', Cuadernos del Instituto de Estudios Politicos y Sociales (mimeographed), Mendoza, 1965.
6. 'Colombie: des Volontaires pour les Améliorations communales', Bulletin, FAO-World Food Programme, Rome, September 1966.
8. Quoted in LUIS VIER La Cooperación Popular: Dimensión Peruana del Desarrollo, Lima, 1966.
9. 'Carta de un Voluntario Sueco en los Andes', Caretas, Lima, 22-31 August 1966.
10. EDUARDO BARCLAY, 'Operation Community Service', Unesco Courier, Unesco, Paris, July-August 1965.
11. A. GILLETTE, 'Student Voluntary Service in Chile', International Journal of Adult and Youth Education, Unesco, Paris, 1963, No. 4.
12. So called because, with the rapid influx of unskilled labour from the countryside, these slum zones seem to sprout overnight.
13. 'Arauco en el Corazón', Desfile, Santiago, 17 February 1966. .
14. Informe Anual 1965, 1 VAC, Caracas, 1966.
15. FELIX ADAM, 'Somos país de Alfabetización', Círculo (armed forces review), Caracas, March 1966.
16. Methods and Means Utilized in Cuba to Eliminate Illiteracy, Report of a Unesco Mission, Editoria Pedagogica, Havana, 1:965.
17. 'La Universidad: ¡Presente! ' Vida Universitaria, Havana, August 1966.
1. On the urging of Representative Henry Reuss and Senators Richard Neuberger and Hubert Humphrey (who had already presented legislation on the subject).
2. Quoted in ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, Jr., op. cit.
4. PIERRE MARTIN-DUMESTE, 'Quelle Assistance technique faut-il apporter à l'Afrique?', l'Alliance Internationale, Cité Universitaire, Paris, June 1965.
5. This expression was coined at the 1962 Conference on Middle-level Manpower which was convened by the US Government at Puerto Rico and created the International Peace Corps Secretariat --- now caned International Secretariat for Volunteer Service.
6. HARRIS WOFFORD, 'The Future of the Peace Corps', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, May 1966. This number of the Annals is devoted to thirteen substantial articles on the origins, beginnings, programmes, methods and future of the Peace Corps and constitutes 'must' reading for interested researchers.
7. DAVID WAINWRIGHT, The Volunteers, Macdonald, London 1965. An eminently readable account of the formation and early development of Britain's most important volunteer programme.
8. The Army Co-operation pact only began to mobilize significant numbers of young men after the end of the Algerian war in 1962.
9. GLYN ROBERTS, Needs and Openings for Skilled Long-Term Volunteers in the Developing Countries, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, 1963.
18. After publishing his study Glyn Roberts resigned from the Co-ordinating Committee Secretaryship, packed a rucksack and set out on a dollar-a-day, 18-month, 18-country Unesco- and foundation-aided study of how volunteers were doing their jobs in Afro-Asia. See note 24 below.
19. Le Service de Co-operation en Afrique, Co-operation Ministry brochure, Paris (undated --- about 1965).
20. GLYN ROBERTS, 'What is the Purpose of the Training Programme?' Volunteers in Action, European Working Group, Amsterdam, December, 1966. This informative quarterly is published by a non-governmental volunteer sending body in collaboration with CoCo.
21. 'Foreign Aid: Limited Response', Newsweek, New York, 14 February 1966.
22. SIDNEY M. JOURARD, 'Some Observations by a Psychologist of the Training Programme at Camp Crozier', Research Note No. 6, Peace Corps Research Division, Washington. D.C., 1963.
23. Quoted in 'Learning Languages in the Peace Corps', brochure of US Peace Corps, Washington, D.C., (undated).
24. GLYN ROBERTS, Volunteers in Africa and Asia, distributed by the Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, 1966. Essential reading for researchers.
25. Figures from ADRIAN MOYES, Volunteers in Development. Overseas Development Institute, London, 1966. Also essential reading.
ARNOLD DEUTCHMAN, 'Volunteers in the Field: Teaching', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, May 1966.
Statement of Honourable Jack Vaughn before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (mimeographed), 19 July 1966.
26. ROBERTS, Volunteers in Africa and Asia, op. cit.
28. See Rural Development Division--Annual Report 1964-1965, International Voluntary Services, Inc., Washington. D.C.. (mimeographed), 1965.
29. JERRY BRADY, 'Old Barrios Make New Communities', Overseas, New York, February 1963.
30. ROBERTS, Volunteers in Africa and Asia, op. cit.
31. Co-operation au Développement agricole en Haute Volta, Young Farmers' and Winegrowers' Association, Luxemburg, 1965.
32. 'Echos d'Outre-Mer: Claire Beauchesne, Infirmière, Pérou,' Bulletin, Canadian University Service Overseas, Ottawa, 1964.
33. ROBERTS. Volunteers in Africa and Asia, op. cit.
35. LUDOVIC KENNEDY, 'Why Volunteer for Africa?' Weekend Telegraph, London, 28 May 1965.
36. ROBERTS, Volunteers in Africa and Asia, op. cit.
37. Quoted in ROBERTS, Needs and Openings for Skilled Long Term Volunteers in the Developing Countries.
39. Many Eastern teams only serve six or seven months which converts many projects into long --- and expensive --- workcamps where actual skill transfer is probably minimal.
40. NIKOLAI UMNIKOV, 'The Russian Boys Work Like the Devil', Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, Winter 1965-6.
41. Quoted in WOFFORD, op. cit.
43. JOSEPH G. COLMEN, 'A Discovery of Commitment', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, May 1966.
44. JOSEPH G. COLMEN, 'Voluntarism: A Constructive Outlet for Youthful Energy', Journal of Marriage and the Family, New York, May 1965. Interestingly, Dr Colmen's categorization of motivations of Peace Corps applicants corresponds closely to an independently evolved classification of factors leading to commitment among American student volunteers working in mental hospitals. Cf. V. A. GELINEAU and D. KANTOR, 'Pro-Social Commitment Among College Students', The Journal of Social Issues, Ann Arbor, October 1964.
45. Quoted in HALOWELL BOWSER, 'Work is a Proper Noun', Saturday Review, New York, 22 October 1966.
46. Quoted in WILLIAM A. DELANO, 'Volunteers and Development', International Development Review, Washington, D.C., September 1966.
47. 'Jak Cicero --- Nim. Petit', DED-Brief, German Development Service, Bad Godesburg, March 1965.
48. Quoted in WAINWRIGHT, op. cit.
49. Community Development in the Peace Corps, brochure of US Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. (undated).
50. Quoted in DEUTCHMAN, op. cit.
52. HENRY F. DUBYNS, PAUL L. DOUGHTY and ALLAN R. HOLMBERG, Measurement of Peace Corps Programme Impact in the Peruvian Andes, Department of Anthropology, Cornell University, Ithaca, mimeographed (undated --- about 1965).
54. Told by NEIL A. BOYER in 'Volunteers in the Field: Great Expectations', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, May 1966.
55. 'Letters to the Editor', The Economist. 4 June 1966.
56. 'Letters to the Editor', Unesco Courier, Unesco, Paris, May 1966.
57. 'Expulsés ... A Regret', Le Monde, Paris, 17 November 1966.
58. PIERRE MARCHANT, 'Conscripts Without Guns', Unesco Features, Unesco, Paris, August (11) 1966.
59. Quoted in WAINWRIGHT, op. cit.
60. Quoted in WOFFORD, op. cit.
61. Quoted in 'Five Years of an Ideal', Youth and Freedom, New York, 1966, No. 1-2.
62. Quoted in Newsletter, Volunteer International Service Assignments, Philadelphia (mimeographed), July 1966.
63. Quoted in WAINWRIGHT, op. cit.
64. Quoted in 'From Volunteers', Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, Winter 1965---6.
65. BOGDAN SZCYGIEL, 'East and West Unite in Voluntary Service'. Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, Autumn 1965.
67. ROBERT CALVERT, Jr. 'The Returning Volunteer'. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, May 1966. Unfortunately, comparative before-and-after career data do not exist for, or have not been made public by, other major service sponsors.
68. Figures are rounded to the nearest one per cent.
69. COLMEN, Voluntarism: A Constructive Outlet for Youthful Energy, op. cit.
70. Cf A. MOYES, op. cit. This includes those in 'further education', 'teacher training' and 'missionary and theological training'.
71. Quoted in JULES B. FARBER, 'Princess Beatrix inspires Youth Organization', Knickerbocker International, New York, April 1966.
72. Quoted in A. GILLETTE, '20,000 Volunteer Workers for Peace and Friendship', Unesco Courier, Unesco, Paris, July-August 1965.
1. Resolution quoted in 'Family, Child and Youth Welfare Services in Africa', United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa (mimeographed), September 1966.
2. 'The Freedom Corps of the International Youth Crusade for Freedom', China Youth, Taipeh, 15 April 1966.
3. A remarkable international comparative study of PUMF has recently been issued in mimeographed form by the World Veterans Federation. It is to be hoped that this survey will soon be made available to a wider circle of readers in a printed version and in Spanish and French as well as English. See HUGH HANNING, The Peaceful Uses of Military Forces, World Veterans Federation, Paris, 1966.
4. Conversation with the author, September 1964.
5. 'Secretary General's Statement', Press release, Ecosoc 16ISG1 SM/9, Geneva, 5 July 1965.
6. Quoted in Workcamps Across the World, Co-ordinating Committee for International Voluntary Service, Paris, Winter 1965-6.
7. Service By Youth, Department of Education and Science, H M 8 0, London, 1966.
8. Quoted in HARRIS WOFFORD, 'Toward a Draft Without Guns', Saturday Review, New York, 15 October 1966.
10. LEON BRAMSON, 'National Service and American Youth: A Proposal', in Donald Eberly (editor), A Profile of National Service, Overseas Educational Service, New York, 1966.
11. JAMES RESTON, 'A Marshall. Plan for Youth?', New York Times (International Edition), 17 October 1966.
12. Quoted in Service By Youth, op. cit.
13. 'U Thant Declines to Seek Second Term', New York Times (International Edition), 2 September 1966.
14. HARRIS WOFFORD, 'The Future of the Peace Corps', op. cit.
16. Volunteers in Tanzania, International Volunteer Committee of Tanzania, Dar-es-Salaam (mimeographed), 1966.
17. 'Peace Corps Suggested for Hanoi', Guardian, 12 November 1966.
18. RICHARD JAMMES, 'The UN and Voluntary Service', New Society, London, 28 July 1966.
20. Informations Unesco, Unesco, Paris, July (1) 1965.
21. These are not to be confused with UN junior experts, who are paid according to professional salary rates.
22. Quoted in A. GILLETTE, 'Le Rôle de la Jeunesse dans le Développement de l'Afrique', Informations Unesco, Unesco, Paris, January (11) 1965.
23. Quoted in 'Johnson Asks Peace Corps from Abroad', New York Herald Tribune (European Edition), 3 February 1966.