The Renaissance had its birth in Italy, and Italy gives her name to the first period of classical scholarship.

To the second, France gives hers. If we set aside ERASMUS, Dutch by birth, and LIPSIUS, Belgian, we may say that by far the commanding figures in Latin philology in the sixteenth century are the French scholars BUDÉ, who was the first important worker in Roman law and Roman coinage; Robert ESTIENNE, lexicographer and editor; MURET, TURNÈBE, and LAMBIN, critics and editors; CASAUBON, editor, and founder of the study of ancient life; PITHOU, editor, and active collector of manuscripts; and SCALIGER the younger, the greatest scholar of his time,---critic, editor, epigraphist, numismatist, and chronologist.

In the seventeenth century the lead was taken by the English and the Dutch. Nevertheless, France produced three notable scholars: SAUMAISE, text critic and commentator; DU CANGE, lexicographer of mediaeval Latin; and MABILLON, who, at the instance of the Benedictine order, set himself especially to the study of the methods of determining the genuineness of manuscripts and their dates. From the resulting work, "De Re Diplomatica," sprang the science of Latin palaeography.

The love of Latin studies persisted in the eighteenth century in France with undiminished vigor, but without noteworthy originality, except in the case of MONTFAUCON, who endeavored to present antiquity visually to the modern reader by the publication of drawings of ancient monuments ("Antiquité appliquée et représentée en figures").

In the latter part of the eighteenth century Germany took the lead, under the influence of WOLF, the founder of modern philology. About the middle of the nineteenth century, modern philology became a possession of all nations. France took her part, attaining in the latter part of the century the high rank which she now holds, with certain distinguished and precious characteristics of her own. Her rise to eminence was gradual.

Beginning in 1837, QUICHERAT put forth work of high importance in his treatise on Latin versification, his lexicon of Latin poetry, and his edition of the Latin lexicographer and grammarian Nonius Marcellus. The middle of the century (to speak roughly) was characterized by admirable literary studies like those of NISARD on the Latin poets of the decadence (1834), the first important work of this peculiarly French type; of Constant MARTHA on the moralists of the Empire (1864) and on morals, religion, and science in the poem of Lucretius (1869); of PATIN on Latin poetry (1869); of BOISSIER (who continued his work into the present century) on Cicero and his friends (1865) and on Roman religion (1874); and the striking essays of TAINE on Livy (1856) and SAINTE-BEUVE on Virgil (1857). These two essays, the work of men primarily engaged in other fields, exemplify the exceptional sympathy with humanistic studies with which the French literary mind is generally endowed; and correspondingly the writings of professional Latinists in France, while marked by a penetrating precision, are characterized as a rule by an acute and sensitive literary appreciation. The combination of these qualities in classical investigation is as important as it is rare.

The rise in France of the modern scientific spirit in Latin studies is due in good part (not to speak of scholars happily still living) to THUROT, who earnestly advocated the double ideal of literary appreciation and scientific method; to BENOIST, who urged the return to manuscripts in constituting a text, as against the acceptance of tradition; to WElL, whose doctorate dissertation on the order of words in the ancient languages (1844) inaugurates the scientific study of the subject; and to a group of men of high achievement whose names bring us to the present century. Among these, special mention may be made of RIEMANN, syntacticist (whose premature death cannot be too much regretted); DELISLE, whose researches in palaeography and the history of mediaeval libraries have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the preservation and transmission of Latin texts; BRÉAL, comparative philologist, with a wide range in Latin philology, including the dialects, and the science of semantics, which he established and named; Victor HENRY, comparative philologist; ANTOINE, syntacticist; Émile JACOB, editor; DAREMBERG, who projected the "Dictionnaire des Antiquités grecques et romaines"; and SAGLIO, who was for many years its editor.

Among living workers now in retirement, Max BONNET demands special notice for his exhaustive book (1890) on the Latin of Gregory of Tours, important alike for Latin in its decadence and for the Romance languages in their origins; and for his study of the principal Paris manuscript of Catullus (1871), a work performed with a penetration and accuracy which were very rare at the time, and are not common now. And mention should also be made of Émile THOMAS, author of many monographs and editions of classical authors (Cicero, Catullus, Petronius, Servius), and of a vivid presentation of Roman civilization under the early empire ("Rome et l'Empire aux deux premiers siècles de notre ère," 1897).

Instruction at the Universities. The remainder of our account concerns the men who are now teaching in universities or other institutions of similar rank. It is to be regretted that the limits of our task make it necessary to omit the names of a number of distinguished scholars who are not attached to any teaching body.

The attribution "Paris" is to be understood as covering the University of Paris (which includes the École Normale Supérieure), the Collège de France, the École Pratique des Hautes Études, and the École Nationale des Chartes. The teaching in these different institutions in Paris is to a large extent connected, and all of it will be available. The professors will be found to be cordial and generous of help in their dealings with their students. It may here be noted also that, outside of the teaching institutions, Paris and its neighborhood afford rich material for the advanced scholar in certain fields. The general reading room of the Bibliothèque Nationale contains a splendid working library for students of the classics and related subjects; while the Salle des Manuscrits, in the same building, has a smaller but generally sufficient collection of texts and works of reference, with the largest apparatus of catalogues of manuscripts anywhere to be found. The distinguished curator of manuscripts, Henri OMONT, is one of the most genial and helpful of librarians. Finally, the department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the Louvre, and the Museum of Saint Germain, are extraordinarily rich in material that concerns the classical student; and their curators (respectively HÉRON DE VILLEFOSSE and Salomon REINACH) are among the most eminent of specialists.

In addition to his specialized training, the student in a French university will be under the constant influence of admirable models of the art of exposition. Almost invariably the French lecturer, whatever his subject, handles it with a large and philosophical grasp, with an instinctive sense of organization, and with an animation and charm of manner not often matched in other countries.

The opportunities which Paris offers to the student of Latin are thus seen to be great. But it should also be understood that the faculties of the provincial universities contain many scholars of high ability and accomplishment.

In the following exhibition of the types of work prosecuted by French Latinists who are now engaged in teaching, names of leading scholars are selected, many that deserve mention being necessarily omitted. In the case of each one given, the prominent line or lines of activity, so far as publication shows, will be indicated by a statement or by the title of a book. But it should be borne in mind that many scholars for whom a technical specialty is mentioned work in the field of literary interpretation and criticism as well, and vice versa.

With allowance for these crossings of lines, the names are arranged under the order of the groups (1) literature and criticism, (2) grammar (sounds, inflexions, syntax, etc.), ()3 metrics and prose rhythms, (4) palaeography, epigraphy, numismatics, (5) history, institutions, religion, antiquities, (6) topography, geography.

HAVET, of Paris, has worked in critical editing (" Plauti Amphitruo," 1895; "Notes critiques sur le texte de Festus," 1914), in versification, in the metrics of prose ("La prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines du Cursus," 1892), in pronunciation, in word-order, and in the principles of criticism ("Manuel de critiqué verbale appliquée aux textes latins," 1911). MONCEAUX, of Paris, has worked especially in the literary history of Christian Africa ("Histoire littéraire de l'Afrique chrétienne," 1901-12), and in the Christian epigraphy of Africa ("Enquête sur l'épigraphie chrétienne d'Afrique," in each number of the "Revue Archéologique" since 1903). LEJAY, of the Catholic Institute, Paris, has worked especially in Horace (the Satires were published in 1912, and the Epistles are now in hand), and in syntax ("Le progrès de l'analyse dans la syntaxe latine," 1909; several editions of Riemann's "Syntaxe Latine"), and is a constant contributor to the "Revue de Philologie," of which he is one of the editors. PLESSIS, of Paris, has published upon Latin poetry ("La poésie latine," 1909; Études critiques sur Properce," 1889), and upon versification ("Traité de métrique grecque et latine," 1889), and is now engaged upon the Odes and Epodes of Horace, complementing the work of LEJAY. GOELZER, of Paris, has worked especially in the characteristics of later Latin ("Étude lexicographique et grammaticale de la latinité de Saint Jérôme,"' 1884; "Le latin de Saint Avit," 1909), in Tacitus, and in comparative grammar ("Grammaire comparée du grec et du latin," 2 vols., 1897 and 1901, the most considerable work of its kind produced in France). Jules MARTHA, of Paris, has published upon Cicero ("Brutus," 1892; "Comment Cicero est arrivé aux honneurs," 1903).

CARTAULT, of Paris, has published upon Horace (the Satires, 1899), Tibullus and the authors of the Corpus Tibullianum (1909), the elegiac distich in Tibullus, Sulpicia, and Lygdamus (1911), Virgil and Lucretius. COURBAUD, of Paris, has published upon Cicero ("De Oratore," I, 1905), and upon Horace ("Horace; sa vie et sa pensée à l'époque des épîtres," 1914). COLLIGNON, of Nancy, has published upon Petronius ("Étude sur Pétrone," 1892; "Pétrone en France," 1905). ERNOUT, of Lille, has published upon Lucretius (Book IV, introduction, text, translation, notes, 1915) and upon the vocabulary, syntax, and morphology of Latin ("Le parler de Préneste," 1905; "Morphologie historique du latin," 1914). LAFAYE, of Paris, has published upon Statius, upon Catullus, Ovid, Terence, and their Greek models ("Le modèle de Térence dans l'Hécyre," 1916), upon institutions and religion, and upon inscriptions. He is editor, with POTTIER, of the "Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines," and a large contributor to it. For his epigraphical work, see under Cagnat.

BORNECQUE, of Lille, has published upon Seneca Rhetor (text, translation, notes, 1902), upon the metrics of prose ("Les clausules métriques latines," 1907), and upon history ("Rome et les Romains," in collaboration with Dornet, 1912). of Lyon, has published upon Caesar, the Prologues of Terence, Tacitus ("Les sources de Tacite dans les Histoires et les Annales," 1893; "Onomasticon Taciteum," 1900), and Roman history and institutions. DE LA VILLE DE MIRMONT, of Bordeaux, has published upon Livius Andronicus, Laevius, Ausonius, Ovid, Virgil, and early Latin poetry ("Études sur l'ancienne poésie latine," 1903). VALLETTE, of Rennes, has published upon Apuleius ("L'Apologie d'Apulée," 1908). CONSTANS, of Aix-Marseille, has published upon Sallust and Tacitus ("Études sur la langue de Tacite," 1893)

MACE, of Rennes, has published upon Suetonius and upon pronunciation ("Essai Sur Suétone," 1900).

DELARUELLE, of Toulouse, has published upon Cicero ("Étude critique sur le texte du De Divinatione," 1911).

R. WALTZ, of Lyon, has published upon Seneca ("Seneca de Otio," 1909; "La vie politique de Sénèque," 1916). DURAND, of Paris, has published upon Cicero ("La date du De Divinatione," 1903). THIAUCOURT, of Nancy, has published upon Cicero, St. Augustine, and Sallust ("Les Académiques de Cicéron et le Contra Academicos de Saint Augustin," 1903). LÉCRIVAIN, of Toulouse, has published on the Historia Augusta and on institutions ("Études sur l'histoire auguste," 1904). RAMAIN, of Montpellier, has published upon the use of the Codex Bembinus in the restoration of the text of Terence (1904), and upon word-groups in the versification of the dramatic poets (1904).

MEILLET, of Paris, has worked over a wide range in the field of linguistics ("De quelques innovations de la déclinaison latine," 1906; "Linguistique," 1911; "Introduction à l'étude comparative des langues indo-européennes," 3rd ed., 1912; "L'Évolution des formes grammaticales," 1912). VENDRYES, of Paris, has worked in linguistics ("Recherches sur l'histoire et les effets de l'intensité initiale," 1902; "De Hibernicis vocabulis quae a Latina lingua origines duxerunt," 1902; "Sur l'hypothèse d'un futur en italoceltique," 1909). GAFFIOT, of Paris, has published especially upon syntax ("Le Subjonctif de subordination en latin," 1906; "Pour le vrai latin," 1909). MAROUZEAU, of Paris, has published upon forms, order, and syntax ("Sur la forme du passif parfait latin," 1909; "Place du pronom personnel sujet en latin," 1907; "L'Emploi du participe présent latin à l'époque républicaine," 1911). CHABERT, of Grenoble, has published especially upon syntax ("De Latinitate Marcelli in libro de Medicamentis," 1897; "Marcellus de Bordeaux et la syntaxe française," 1901.)

AUDOUIN, of Poitiers, has published upon inflexions and upon meters ("De la déclinaison dans les langues indo-européennes," 1898). GRAMMONT, of Montpellier, has published upon sounds ("La dissimilation consonnantique," 1895). VERNIER, of Besançon, has published on versification ("Sur un passage de l'Épître aux Pisons": "Horace et Boileau juges de l'ancienne versification," 1903).

CHATELAIN, of Paris, has published a long and important list of works in palaeography ("Paléographie des classiques latins; collection de fac-similés des principaux manuscrits," 1884-1900; "Introduction à la lecture des notes tironiennes," 1900; "Uncialis scriptura codicum Latinorum novis exemplis illustrata," 1901; "Les palimpsestes latins," 1905; "Lucretius, codex Vossianus quadratus," 1913). PROU, of Paris, has published upon palaeography ("Recueil de fac-similés d'écriture du Ve au XIIe siècle," 1904; "Manuel de paléographie latine et française," 3d ed., 1910). CAGNAT, of Paris, has worked in epigraphy, antiquities, history, chronology, geography. (The list of his publications is very long, including: "L'année épigraphique," 1888 to the present time, since 1900 in collaboration with Besnier; "Explorations épigraphiques et archéologiques en Tunisie," 1883-86; "Cours d'épigraphie latine," 4th ed., 1914; "Corpus Inscriptionum Lat. VIII, Supplementum," Pars I, in collaboration with J. Schmidt, 1891; Pars II, in collaboration with J. Schmidt, 1904; "Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes," Vol. I with Toutain and Jouguet, 1911, Vol. III with Lafaye, 1905; "Les bibliothèques municipales dans l'empire romain," 1906; "Carthage, Timgad, Tebessa, et les villes antiques de l'Afrique du Nord," 1909). JOUGUET, of Lille, has published in epigraphy (see under Cagnat above) and in history and institutions ("La vie municipale dans l' Egypte romaine," 1911; also "Papyrus de Théadelphie," 1911; "Supplément aux papyrus de Théadelphie,"1912). BABELON, of Paris, has worked especially in numismatics ("Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines," 1901-; "Moneta," 1914). He is a large contributor to the "Dictionnaire des antiquités."

BOUCHÉ-LECLERCQ, of Paris, is engaged upon history and institutions (" République et empire," 1909; "L 'Intolérance religieuse et la politique," 1911; "Manuel des institutions romaines," 1886). BLOCH, of Paris, has published upon history and institutions ("La plèbe romaine," 1911; "La république romaine," 1913). He has contributed many articles to the "Dictionnaire des antiquités." GSELL, of Paris, has published especially upon the history and archaeology of North Africa ("Algérie et Tunisie," 1911; "Atlas archéologique de l'Algérie," 1911; "Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord," 1913). AUDOLLENT, of Clermont, has published on institutions, inscriptions, and topography ("Defixionum tabellae quotquot innotuerunt," 1904; "Carthage romaine," 1901). BOXLER, of the Institut Catholique, Paris, has published on institutions ("Précis des institutions publiques de la Grèce et de Rome," 1903). TOUTAIN, of Paris, has worked especially in religion and epigraphy ("Les cultes païens dans l'empire romain," 1907, 1911; "Études de mythologie et d'histoire des religions antiques," 1909; many articles in the "Dictionnaire des antiquités." For epigraphy, see under Cagnat). RENEL, of Lyons, has published on religion ("Cultes militaires de Rome," 1903; "Les religions de la Gaule avant le Christianisme," 1906; many articles in the "Dictionnaire des antiquités.") DEGERT, of the Institut Catholique, Toulouse, has published on moral ideas and characteristics ("Les idées morales de Cicéron," 1909). HÉRON DE VILLEFOSSE, of Paris, has published extensively on antiquities ("Le trésor de Boscoreale," 1899; "Crustae aut emblemata," 1903; "Deux inscriptions relatives â des généraux pompéiens," 1898).

BESNIER, of Caen, has worked especially in geography, topography, and epigraphy ("La géographie économique du Maroc dans l'antiquité," 1906; "L'Ile tiberine dans l'antiquité," 1902; "Lexique de géographie ancienne," 1914; "Recueil des inscriptions antiques du Maroc," 1904. See also under Cagnat).

France in the early ages of the revival of Greek studies was the home of many noted scholars, such as Robertus STEPHANUS, Henricus STEPHANUS (Robert and Henri Estienne), TURNÈBE, LAMBIN, MURET, MONTFAUCON, CASAUBON, and the two SCALIGERS. All of these men in modern esteem hold positions of unquestioned leadership, and much of their work has not been superseded or improved.

This heritage has passed to worthy heirs, and during the last century France has had many eminent Greek scholars. BOISSONADE was editor of many previously unpublished Greek writers; among his productions were twenty-four volumes in an annotated series of the Greek poets, five volumes of Anecdota Graeca; he is especially famous as being the first editor of the poet Babrius. BURNOUF was editor of a most valuable Greek Grammar; PATIN, author of a series of sympathetic and learned comments on the Greek Tragic poets; ALEXANDRE, editor of the Sibylline Oracles; LITTRÉ, famous both as a physician and a scholar, editor and translator of Hippocrates in ten volumes; MILLER, one of the most expert of palaeographers, and the editor of many works which had not been previously published; MARTIN, author of important works in Music, Astronomy, Geometry, and Anatomy; TANNERY, author of a standard work on Greek Science; DAREMBERG and SAGLIO, editors of the famous Dictionary of Antiquities; THUROT, one of the best interpreters of the works of Aristotle; WEIL, editor and commentator in many fields of Greek Language and Literature; C. LENORMANT and his son, F. LENORMANT, authors of works of the greatest importance on Numismatics, Sculpture, and Epigraphy. Such men as BURNOUF, DUMONT, REINACH, FOUCART, HOMOLLE, and HAUSSOULLIER, partly of this and partly of the preceding generation, are everywhere regarded as among the leading scholars and interpreters of Hellenic life and culture.

The grasp and productivity of some of these men passes belief; e.g., Salomon REINACH'S published works up to 1914 amounted to over 60 volumes and nearly 3000 separate articles, and as he was not born until 1858 this means an average of one book every six months and an article every four days of his adult career.

The History of Greek Literature (five volumes of nearly 4000 pages) by Maurice and Alfred CROISET is the best that has been written in any language, showing not only broad and exact learning, but in particular a fine and sympathetic appreciation of the spirit of the Greeks.

BÉRARD, by his efforts to identify sites which had been regarded as purely mythical, and by his proofs of the great importance of a knowledge of geography in understanding early history, has created a new field of research.

PSICHARI is the recognized leader of those writers who are elevating the vernacular of Modern Greek to the dignity of a literary language, and who by their own productions are giving it a literature.

This list of conspicuous Hellenic scholars might be multiplied, since in every field of Greek studies a place of eminence is held by one or more French scholars. The thing which stamps their learning with its own peculiar mark is literary appreciation and sanity, since few of the phantastic theories which have wasted and diverted sound scholarship originated in France.

Museums and Libraries. Paris, because of its valuable collections of many of the most important Greek manuscripts, its original works of Greek art, its unrivaled wealth in collections of inscriptions, and its immense libraries, offers to students of Greek life, history, literature, or language, facilities possessed by no other center of learning. This preeminence in original material has drawn to Paris most of the great scholars of France. Accordingly American students in Greek will find it to their advantage to begin, at least, their work in Paris; hence the work done in other parts of France will be passed by in this brief summary.

Courses. In Paris, courses in Palaeography and Epigraphy are given by HOLLEAUX, HOMOLLE, HAUSSOULLIER, and FOUCART. As the French conducted the important excavations at Delos and Delphi, an unprecedented wealth of material came into their possession, and most of the inscriptions thus found have been interpreted by these four scholars. Courses in Greek History and Geography are given by BÉRARD, BOUCHÉ-LECLERCQ, GLOTZ, and BABELON. Here too the abundance of original material has given these scholars peculiar advantages.

Courses in Greek Language and Literature are given by Maurice and Alfred CROISET, PUECH, GIRARD, BOURGUET, MAZON, JACOB, JOUGUET, SERRUYS, BRÉAL, DESROUSSEAUX, HAVET, and TOUTAIN. Even this list makes no reference to the courses in Greek Art, Greek Philosophy, Latin, Sanskrit, or to the many courses of great interest to Greek students in allied departments.

Periodicals. The following journals and periodicals, dealing entirely or in part with Greek, are published by French scholars: "Bulletin de correspondance hellénique"; "Revue archéologique"; "Revue critique"; "Revue de philologie"; "Revue des études grecques"; "Revue des études anciennes"; also many other periodicals of a more general nature which frequently contain articles of value on Greek subjects.

The student of Neo-Latin naturally directs his steps to one of the Latin lands, and with double profit; for, although the honor of first placing Romance linguistics on a scientific basis was achieved by a German, F. C. DIEZ (1794-1876), and although Germany is still an abundant and able contributor, the countries that can now boast of the greatest number of truly eminent Romance scholars are Italy and France. Of these, France, with her concentration of intellectual life, offers the better facilities for study. From early times, Paris has been the center where the leading men of other Romance countries---princes, statesmen, scholars, and men of letters---have sought their education and received much of their best inspiration; and through them, of course, Parisian influence has reached the peoples from which they came. At the present day, Paris offers the student an unequalled opportunity to come into contact with cultivated and prominent representatives of the various Romance nations, and to learn to understand the spirit that animates them---that Latin genius which has already given the world three great civilizations, the Roman, the Neo-Latin culture of Europe, and the Hispanic civilization in America.

The essential unity of the principal Romance tongues was recognized by French scholarship as early as the 16th century, and notably by H. ESTIENNE, who found their source in popular rather than in literary Latin. To that century belongs also the first edition of the invaluable "Glossarium ad Scriptores mediae et infimae Latinitatis" by DU CANGE. Nevertheless, despite some lexicographical and speculative studies, Romance philology made little headway for some two hundred and fifty years. Then, between 1815 and 1845, appeared the stimulating works, "Grammaire romane," "Grammaire comparée des langues de l'Europe latine," "Lexique roman, ou Dictionnaire de la langue des troubadours," of F. J. M. RAYNOUARD, a pioneer who might have anticipated Diez, had he been more accurately schooled in phonology, and less dominated by a preconceived idea that mediaeval Provençal (or "Roman," as he called it) represented an intermediate stage between Latin and all the modern forms of Romance speech. His "Lexique," with a recent supplement by LEVY, is still the standard Old Provençal dictionary. The Old French vocabulary was industriously listed by F. GODEFROY in his "Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française" (1881-1902). Meanwhile (1872-79) E. LITTRÉ had published his historical "Dictionnaire de la langue française," a model for all subsequent lexicographers, and in particular for A. HATZFELD, A. DARMESTETER, and A. THOMAS, authors of the "Dictionnaire général de la langue française" (1890-1900), which marks a further progress in the treatment of etymology, semantics, and pronunciation.

For many years the most commanding figure in the Romance field, after the death of Diez, was his pupil, Gaston PARIS (1839-1903), who first came into prominence in 1861 with his "Étude sur le rôle de l'accent latin dans la langue française." Beside him stood A. DARMESTETER (1846-88), investigator of the formation and the life of words, and Paul MEYER, who with Paris launched "Romania," the most famous vehicle of Romance studies. Their disciples, all over the world, were the teachers of the next generation. Among their contemporaries may be mentioned C. CHABANEAU, an authority on French and Provençal grammar; C. THUROT, who traced the development of French pronunciation; and M. BRÉAL, who, though not primarily a Neo-Latinist, did much to advance the study of the meanings of Romance words. The fruits of previous researches, and of his own, are embodied by F. BRUNOT in his vast and still unfinished "Histoire de la langue française des origines à 1900" (5 vols., 1906-13). Linguistic science adopted novel methods under the guidance of the Abbé ROUSSELOT, the founder of experimental phonetics, whose great publications began in 1891; and of J. GILLLR0N and E. EDMONT, compilers of that enormous storehouse of dialect material, the "Atlas linguistique de la France" (1902-13). Much had been already garnered in the "Revue des patois gallo-romans" (1887-92) and the "Bulletin de la Société des parlers de France" (1893-99); the former was continued by L. CLÉDAT'S "Revue de philologie française." More general are "La Parole" (1889-) and the "Revue de dialectologie romane" (1909-). Brunot has in the Sorbonne building an important and growing collection of speech records known as the "Archives de la parole." The facts revealed by all these recent investigations have led to a new interpretation of dialect phenomena, exemplified, for instance, in "Les Aires morphologiques dans les parlers populaires du nord-ouest de l'Angoumois" (1914), by A. L. TERRACHER.

For the comprehensive study of mediaeval literature, the way was prepared, in the Renaissance and Neo-Classical periods, by the collection, description, and translation of manuscripts; and some important attempts at collective presentation were made in the 16th century by Jehan de NOSTREDAME and Claude FAUCHET, in the 18th by MONTFAUCON and LA CURNE DE SAINTE-PALAYE. During the first half, and more, of the 19th century, literary scholars devoted themselves, for the most part, to the publication of the huge mass of documents preserved. Some, to be sure, by their general portrayal of the poetry of a bygone age, succeeded also in lending a romantic interest to mediaeval letters: RAYNOUARD gave the public not only the "Choix des poésies originales des troubadours" (1816-21), but also "Des Troubadours et des cours d'amour" (1817); FAURIEL wrote an admirable "Histoire de la poésie provençale" (1846); Paulin PARIS is remembered both for "Les Manuscrits français de la Bibliothèque du Roi" (1836-48), and for "Les Romans de la Table Ronde mis en nouveau language" (1868-77); Léon GAUTIER attempted a great treatise on "Les Épopées françaises" (1865-68). The task of synthesis and systematic investigation was, however, reserved in the main for the latter part of the century. Here once more we find the insight, the charm, the enthusiasm of Gaston PARIS and the keenness and indefatigable zeal of Paul MEYER. Among the works of the former, the best known are the "Histoire poétique de Charlemagne" (1865); "La Littérature Française au moyen âge" (1888), "François Vifion" (1901); to the latter are due the "Recherches sur l'épopée française" (1867), "Les derniers troubadours de la Provence" (1871), "Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du moyen âge" (i886). Two of the many distinguished pupils of Gaston Paris, A. JEANROY and J. BÉDIER, have given an entirely new turn to our conception of the course respectively of lyric and of epic poetry. Mediaeval life and learning have been interestingly investigated by C. V. LANGLOIS; the stage, by E. LINTILHAC. The printing of texts has been continued by the "Société des anciens textes français," founded in 1876. Provençal is represented by the "Bibliothèque méridionale" and the "Annales du Midi" (1889-).

As to the historical and critical study of modern French literature, its glorious career, from VILLEMAIN to LANSON, is too familiar to require specification. It is enough to recall such names as SAINTE-BEUVE, TAINE, RENAN, SCHÉRER, BRUNETIÈRE, LEMAITRE, FAGUET. Aside from the more popular magazines, some of the principal journals today are the "Revue d'histoire littéraire de la France" (1894-), the "Revue du seizième siècle" (1913-, succeeding the" Revue des études rabelaisiennes," 1903-12), the "Revue du dix-huitième siècle" (1913-). The study of letters from the comparative standpoint first emphasized by Madame de STAËL --has been successfully pursued of late by J. TEXTE, E. BOUVY, F. BALDENSPERGER, E. PICOT, E. ESTÈVE, P. HAZARD, E. HAUMANT, J. VIANEY, E. MARTINENCHE.

Italian and Spanish studies, too, have flourished for a hundred years. The nine volumes of P. L. GINGUENÉ'S "Histoire littéraire d'Italie (1811-19), A. F. OZANAM'S masterly treatises on "Dante et la philosophie catholique au XIIIe siècle" (1839) and "Les Poètes franciscains en Italie" (1852), and the two posthumous volumes of Claude FAURIEL, on "Dante et les origines de la langue et de la littérature italiennes" (1854), were followed by a procession of authoritative works on the history, art, music, and letters of Italy. Especially noteworthy, for the literary side, are the researches of E. GEBHART on the Renaissance, the mystics, and the story-writers; those of C. DEJOB on the influence of religious ideas; and those of E. PICOT on the relations between France and Italy in the 16th century; the books on Petrarch by A. MÉZIÈRES, P. de NOLHAC, H. COCHIN, and J. VIANEY;

A. THOMAS'S "Francesco da Barberino et la littérature provençale en Italie au moyen âge" (1883); P. SABATIER'S "Saint François d'Assise" (1894); H. HAUVETTE'S "Luigi Alamanni" (1903), "Dante" (1911), and "Boccace" (1914); A. JEANROY's "Carducci" (1911); and P. HAZARD'S "Leopardi" (1913). An excellent summary is HAUVETTE'S "Littérature italienne" (1906). The publication of investigations is facilitated by the "Bulletin italien," started in 1901.

Spain, after having been revealed to France, in the first half of the century, by such men of letters as Prosper MÉRIMÉE, Emile DESCHAMPS, and Théophile GAUTIER, by translators like DAMAS-HINARD, and by scholars of .the standing of L. VIARDOT, F. DENIS, and P. CHASLES, was assiduously cultivated under the Second Empire by A. de LATOUR, T. de PUYMAIGRE, E. LAFOND ("Lope de Vega"), E. CHASLES (" Cervantes"), P. ROUSSELOT ("Les Mystiques"). In our time the most distinguished names are those of A. MOREL-FATIO, editor, with E. MÉRIMÉE and P. PARIS, of the "Bulletin hispanique," and R. FOULCHÉ-DELBOSC, editor of the "Revue hispanique" and director of the "Biblioteca hispanica." With them may be chosen for mention J. CORNU, L. de VIEL-CASTEL, E. MÉRIMÉE, and L. P. THOMAS, students respectively of the Cid, the theater, Quevedo, and preciosity. E. MARTINENCHE has treated of the influence of the Spanish drama on the French. Compared with France, the Teutonic countries have at present few students of Hispanic speech and letters, and none of great authority. In conclusion, it may be recalled that two of the most important Spanish texts, the "Cronica rimada del Cid" and the "Cancionero general" of 1554, were printed in France (in 1846 and 1878), and that Paris was the seat of publication of the sixty volumes of the "Colección de los mejores autores españoles" (1845-72). The Bibliothèque Nationale and the Parisian bookshops are particularly rich in Spanish manuscripts and printed books.

Instruction at Paris. To the Romance student of today, Paris presents not only the resources of the Sorbonne, which contains the Faculté des Lettres, the École des Hautes Études, and the École des Chartes, but likewise those of the Collège de France, across the street. Some Americans may be attracted also by the Normal Schools, or by the National Conservatory, which are open to foreigners under specified conditions. Many will certainly take advantage of the special French instruction offered to foreigners by the Comité de Patronage des étudiants étrangers de la Faculté des Lettres (November to May), by the Alliance Française, 186 Boulevard St. Germain (one group of courses in July, one in August), and by the Guilde Internationale, 6 rue de la Sorbonne (one set of courses during the school year, another from July to September). In addition to the collections of books and records in the Sorbonne building, the student has at his disposal the Bibliothèque Nationale, the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, the Bibliothèque Mazarine, not to mention the Bibliothèque Historique de la Ville de Paris and various other special libraries. At 11 rue Mazarin is an information bureau for students of Romance Philology; at 96 boulevard Raspail, a Centre d'Études Franco-Hispaniques.

In the Faculté des Lettres the history of the French language is expounded especially by F. BRUNOT (author of "La Doctrine de Malherbe," 1891; "Histoire de la langue française des origines à 1900," 1906); French literature and bibliography, by G. LANSON (editor of Racine, Sainte-Beuve, Voltaire; author of works on Nivelle de la Chaussée, Bossuet, Boileau, Corneille; "Conseils sur l'art d'écrire," 1890; "Hommes et livres," 1895; "Histoire de la littérature française," 1895; "Manuel bibliographique de la littérature française," 1909; "La Méthode de l'histoire littéraire," 1911); French and Provençal linguistics and mediaeval literature, by A. THOMAS ("Francesco de Barberino et la littérature provençale en Italie au moyen âge," 1883; "Essais de philologie française," 1902; "Mélanges d'étymologie française," 1902; "Nouveaux essais de philologie française," 1904; editor of Bertran de Born; former editor of "Romania," collaborator on the "Dictionnaire général de la langue française"); southern European literature, particularly Provençal, by A. JEANROY ("Les Origines de la poésie lyrique en France au moyen âge," 1889; "Carducci," 1911; "Les joies du Gai Savoir," 1914; editor of Provençal texts); Italian, by H. HAUVETTE ("Luigi Alamanni" 1903; "Littérature italienne," 1906; "Dante," 1911; "Boccace," 1914); Spanish, by E. MARTINENCHE ("La Comédie espagnole en France de Hardy à Racine," 1900; "Molière et le théâtre espagnol," 1906); Rumanian, by M. ROQUES ("Le Garçon et l'aveugle, jeu du XIIIe siècle," 1911; author with J. Gilliéron of "Études de Géographie linguistique," 1912; editor and bibliographer of the works of Gaston Paris; editor of "Romania)." French literature may be studied also with F. STROWSKI ("Pascal et son temps," 1907-09; "Les Essais de Montaigne," 1906-09); H. CHAMARD (editor and biographer of Du Bellay); G. REYNIER (three volumes on the novel); G. MICHAUT (investigator of Sainte-Beuve, Sénancour, and La Fontaine); E. HUGUET ("La Syntaxe de Rabelais," 1894). Mediaeval French history is taught by F. LOT(" Les Derniers Carolingiens," 1891; Breton history, Hugh Capet, Charles the Bald).

At the Collège de France, Spanish literature is represented by A. MOREL-FATIO ("L'Espagne au XVIe et au XVIIe siècle," 1878; "Calderon," 1882; "Études sur l'Espagne," 1888-1904; "Catalogue des manuscrits espagnols et des manuscrits portugais," 1892; "Le Théâtre espagnol," with L. Rouanet, 1900; "Ambrosio de Salazar," 1901; "El Libro de Alixandre," 1906; "Historiographie de Charles-Quint," 1913; editor of "Bulletin hispanique"); Renaissance and modern French literature, by A. LEFRANC ("Les Navigations de Pantagruel," 1905; "Calvin, l'Institution chrétienne," 1911; "Rabelais, Oeuvres complètes," 1912-13; "A. Chénier, Oeuvres inédites;" 1914); mediaeval French literature, by J. BÉDIER ("Les Fabliaux," 1893; "Le Roman de Tristan et Iseult traduit et restauré," 1900; "Études critiques," 1903; "Les Légendes épiques," 1908-13). The Neo-Latinist can here follow also with profit the Latin instruction of L. HAVET ("La Prose métrique de Symmaque et les origines du Cursus," 1892; "Phaedri Fabulae," 1895; "Manuel de critique verbale," 1911), and the Celtic courses of J. LOT (best known to Romance scholars for his translation of the "Mabinogion," 1899 and 1913, and for his "Contributions à l'étude des romans de la Table ronde," 1912).

Advanced studies may be pursued at the École des Hautes Études under the direction of some of the men above mentioned (Thomas, Morel-Fatio, Jeanroy, Roques, Havet, Lot), of J. GILLIÉRON ("Le Patois de la commune de Vionnaz," 1880; "Atlas linguistique de la France," with E. Edmont, 1902-13; "Études de géographie linguistique," with M. Roques, 1912), for dialectology; of H. GAIDOZ in Celtic ("Études de mythologie gauloise," 1886; works on folk-lore and mythology); and of J. MAROUZEAU, in Latin ("La Phrase à verbe 'être' en latin," 1910). At the École des Chartes there are general courses in French and Provençal philology and in palaeography. The Institut Catholique, 74 rue de Vaugirard, offers, in addition to courses in literature, history, and palaeography, an exceptional opportunity for the study of experimental phonetics and linguistic science under the Abbé ROUSSELOT (author of "Les Modifications phonétiques du langage étudiées dans le patois d'une famille de Cellefrouin," 1891, and of the "Principes de phonétique expérimentale," 1897-1908).

Instruction at Other Universities. Copious as are the resources of Paris, some Americans may well prefer the quiet, inexpensive life of the provincial universities, among which the following are to be recommended for Romance studies: Bordeaux, Montpellier, Lyon, Toulouse, Grenoble, Rennes, Caen. All of these have introduced, beside their regular courses, special instruction for foreigners; and all have organized committees or offices to minister to the particular needs of visitors from other countries. Grenoble has devoted much care to the housing of strangers, with a view to hygiene, economy, and practice in speaking French. At Bordeaux there is a Maison des étudiants. Toulouse has a Stadium for athletic sports. Several of the provincial universities have developed summer schools for foreign pupils: the most flourishing is that of Grenoble, noted for its excellent administration, its unusual facilities for the study of phonetics, and its situation in the midst of mountain scenery; that of Rennes, which is held at St. Malo, combines good teaching with the attractions of seashore. For the regular winter work, the opportunities presented by the several institutions are listed below:

Bordeaux.--- Romance philology and the speech and letters of southwestern France, under E. BOURCIEZ ("Les Moeurs polies et la littérature de cour sous Henri II," 1886; "Précis de phonétique française," 1900;

"Eléments de linguistique romane," 1910); Modern French literature, with A. LE BRETON (studies on the novel in the last three centuries, 1890-1901; "Balzac, l'homme et l'oeuvre," 1905; "La Comédie Humaine de Saint-Simon," 1914); Italian literature, with E. BOUVY

("Voltaire et l'Italie," 1898); Spanish, with G. CIROT (contributor to the "Bulletin hispanique"), and H. COLLET ("Le mysticisme musical espagnol au XVe siècle," 1913).

Caen.--- French literature, under M.. SOURIAU ("Bernardin de Saint Pierre," 1915), and P. VILLEY ("Les Sources et l'évolution des Essais de Montaigne," 1908).

Grenoble.--- Phonetics and philology, with T. ROSSET, director of the Institut de Phonétique ("Les Origines de la prononciation moderne étudiées au XVIIe siècle," 1911; "Recherches expérimentales pour l'inscription de la voix parlée," 1911); French literature, with P. MORILLOT ("Scarron et le genre burlesque," 1888). Italian language and literature.

Lyon.--- French philology, under L. CLÉDAT (editor of the "Revue de philologie française"; "Du Rôle historique de Bertrand de Born," 1879; "Grammaire raisonnée de la langue française," 1894; a Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française," 1912). Courses in modern French literature and in Italian.

Montpellier.--- Comparative philology, under M. GRAMMONT ("La Dissimilation consonantique," 1895; "Le Vers français," 1913). French literature, with J. VIANEY, (" Mathurin Regnier," 1896; "Le Pétrarquisme en France au XVIe siècle," 1909), and J. MERLANT ("Le Roman personnel de Rousseau à Fromentin," 1905; "De Montaigne à Vauvenarques," 1914). Instruction in Romance philology, Spanish, and Italian.

Rennes.--- French literature, with G. ALLAIS (" Montaigne et ses lectures," 1885; "Malherbe et la poésie française à la fin du XVIe siècle," 1892; "Les Débuts dramatiques de Victor Hugo", 1903). French literature and Breton folklore, under A. LE BRAZ ("La Chanson de la Bretagne," 1892 and 1901; "La Légende de la mort chez les Bretons armoricains," 1893 and 1902; "Au Pays des pardons," 1904; "Au Pays d'exil de Chateaubriand," 1909). Celtic and Romance philology.

Toulouse.--- Provençal, under J. ANGLADE ("Le Troubadour Guiraut Riquier," 1905; "Les Troubadours," 1908). Spanish, with E. MÉRIMÉE ("Quevedo," i886). Modern French literature.

The beginnings of modern comparative grammar date from the studies of the Englishman, Sir William JONES, and the Germans, BOPP and GRIMM. The translation into French by Michel BRÉAL of Bopp's great systematic work on Indo-European grammar gave a distinct start and direction to linguistic studies in France. Previous investigators had dwelt mostly on the development of the forms of words and too little on that of their logical content. To the latter aspect of the growth of language Bréal's "Essai de sémantique" (1897) addresses itself, and---if it has not already done so --- it seems destined yet to mark an epoch in the history of linguistics. Ferdinand DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913) taught for a decade at the École des Hautes Études, and his work, with that of Bréal, has had great influence upon French science. To continue the labors of Bréal and de Saussure, MEILLET was called to the Collège de France. His "Introduction à l'étude comparative des langues indo-européennes" shows how a rigorously scientific exposition is not incompatible with the grace of form and charming luminosity that are so characteristic of the French temperament. The work had already come to a third edition in 1912, and we may hope that a long career of continued usefulness still lies before it. Under his vigorous leadership have arisen pupils of promise and achievement: to mention only a few,--- DOTTIN in Celtic, VENDRYES in Latin and Celtic, GAUTHIOT in the Baltic languages, CUNY in Greek, ERNOUT and MAROUZEAU in Latin, Jules B LOCH in the languages of India.

Indology. --The mystical and theological speculations of Ancient India, as contained in the Upanishads, were first introduced to the Occident by ANQUETIL-DUPERRON, who went to the Orient as an employee of the East India Company. Without ever learning the sacred language of India, the Sanskrit, he studied the Upanishads in a Persian translation, and from that he made a Latin version which he published in 1801-02. CHÉZY as professor of Sanskrit at the Collège de France, delivered his inaugural address on the use and value of that study in 1815. Fifteen years later he published the text of the masterpiece of the Hindu drama, Kalidasa's Çakuntala, in an edition which after almost a century is still used and respected. It contains not only the drama, but also the text of the epic form of the Çakuntala story as it appears in the Maha Bharata, thus presenting the data for an interesting study in literary genetics.

Eugène BURNOUF (1801-1852) was the successor of Chézy at the Collège de France; in him were united a prodigious power of work, endless patience, ---scrupulous accuracy, and wonderful divinatory gift,--- a combination amounting to nothing short of genius. Besides being a most eminent Sanskritist, Burnouf was a pioneer in the sacred language of Buddhism, the Pali, and in Tibetan and Siamese and Burmese, and even in the language of the Avesta, the ancient texts of which he interpreted. His text and translation of the history of Krishna (the Bhagavata Purana) make three folios, magnificent, and yet so ponderous as hardly to be usable for every-day study. His "Introduction à l'histoire du Buddhisme indien" is the first great Occidental work on the religion of Buddha, and it was followed in 1852 by his "Lotus de la bonne loi," the first Occidental translation of an important Buddhist text, issued with a score of relevant learned memoirs. Burnouf made Paris the chief center for Indian studies and Indianists in the forties; and the power of his personality and teaching is shown by the fact that he drew to himself such famous pupils as Adolphe REGNIER and BARTHÉLEMY-SAINT-HILAIRE, GOLDSTÜCKER, Rudolf ROTH, and Max MÜLLER.

It is the times of bitterest trial for France that have witnessed some of the most notable events in the history of French Orientalism. Chézy's inaugural was delivered only a few months before the battle of Waterloo. The École des Hautes Études was opened in 1868. And it was only a little after the disasters of the Franco-German war of 1870-71 that a splendid trio of Indianists ---SENART and BERGAIGNE and BARTH --- arose to give luster to French scholarship. SENART, a native of Rheims, by his "Grammar of Kaccayana" (1871), laid a solid foundation for the further study of Pali, begun by Burnouf. The grammar was soon followed by his Essay on the Legend of Buddha. Many of the most important texts relating to this subject are contained in the Maha Vastu; Senart published an edition of this in three volumes (1882-1897) which may truly be called monumental. So also are his two volumes entitled "Les inscriptions de Piyadasi" or Açoka (about 250 B.C.), the "Constantine of Buddhism," containing very old and important data for the study of the palaeography and the linguistics of India and of its religious and political history.

Abel BERGAIGNE (1838-1888), pupil of a devoted teacher, HAUVETTE-BESNAULT, inaugurated the instruction in Indology at the Sorbonne, and founded a school of Indianists who have kept up and advanced the noblest traditions of French science. His Vedic investigations --- as laid down in his "La Religion Védique d'après les hymnes du Rig-Veda" ( volumes, 1878-83, to which was added a fourth volume of indices by the American Indologist Maurice Bloomfield in 1897), "Études sur le lexique du Rig-Veda" (1884), "Quarante hymnes du Rig-Veda traduits et commentés" (1895), and in his numerous essays --- touch not only the form and vocabulary of these venerable documents, but also their essential substance, and indicate what further products of his learning we might have expected, had not Bergaigne's life been cut short untimely by a mountaineering accident in the French Alps.

A third great name which, with those of Senart and Bergaigne, came to high distinction in the seventies, is that of the Alsatian, Auguste BARTH (1834-1916), who for many years sent to the "Revue critique d'Histoire et de Littérature" contributions of such solid worth as to make him an authority of the highest standing in the world of scholars. Oral teaching from a professor's chair was not feasible for him, on account of deafness, but he was in fact, to a host of younger men, a teacher, lovable, loved, respected, and followed. His "Religions de l'Inde" (1879; English ed., London, 1882; Russian ed., Moscow, 1896) traces the development of this mighty factor of Hindu life from the earliest Vedic times to those of modern reformers. The recognized importance of his results is due to the fact that they are drawn directly from the original sources, not taken at second hand. For Indianists, Barth was the court of highest appeal. His "Bulletins," published from 1880 to 1902 in the "Revue de l'Histoire des Religions," constitute at once a history of the progress of Indian studies and a wonderfully clear and convenient résumé of their principal results. The modest form in which they appeared, as review-articles, is wholly out of keeping with their importance, and they have now been republished, in two dignified volumes, as a part of his collected works. This is most fitting, for his judgments are so sound and well-reasoned as to be of enduring value.

It is not easy to lose sight of his "Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge" (1885), a monument to his skill and industry as an epigraphist, for it is an independent work; but his minor articles form an even greater testimonial to his vast and accurate learning and sound judgment, although they fail to give an adequate impression of their author's rare gifts, because it is hard to judge them as a whole, scattered as they are through some hundred and fifty volumes of a dozen different periodical publications. To the devotion of his colleagues, Senart, Foucher, and Finot, we owe the hope that these too will soon be published as part of his collected works.

Not only Bergaigne, but also his pupil Victor HENRY, another Alsatian, devoted much time and strength to the important task of making text-books. Bergaigne's "Manuel pour étudier la langue sanscrite" (texts, lexicon, grammar) has a host of admirably practical features; and so has Henry's "Éléments de sanscrit classique." The two in collaboration wrote also a hand-book for Vedic study. Henry's manual for Pali, and that of the Danish scholar Dines ANDERSEN, are the best at present available for the sacred language of Buddhism. Henry's interests and activities were very many-sided: he has left us two manuals of comparative grammar, excellent for brevity and avoidance of too great technicality; an austere treatise (in collaboration with the Dutch scholar CALAND) on the ritual (Agnishtoma); good literary translations of Sanskrit works; and popular books on magic and on the literatures of India, etc.

The career of Sylvain LÉVI, both as investigator and as teacher, sheds luster upon his departed master, Bergaigne. His youthful work on the Hindu theater ("Le Théâtre indien," 1890) no one has even yet attempted to supplant. An elaborate treatise upon the doctrine of the sacrifice in the Brahmanas was doubtless suggested by his studies in that direction under Bergaigne; while for his work on Nepal ("Le Népal, étude historique d'un royaume hindou," vols., 1905-8), the labors of the eager traveler are joined to those of the student of the written word. His text and translation of Asanga's Exposition of the Doctrines of the Greater Vehicle are a weighty contribution to Occidental knowledge of the Maha-Yana Buddhism. The Indian Miscellanies (" Mélanges d'indianisme," 1911) form a volume written by his pupils to celebrate his completion of twenty-five years of service as a teacher. Among the twenty-three contributors (to mention only a few) stand the names of FINOT, FOUCHER, LACÔTE, MEILLET, PELLIOT, VENDRIES,---men already distinguished for their achievements in archaeology and exploration, in the history of Buddhism and of literature, and in linguistics. The numerous and beautiful works of Foucher upon Buddhist archaeology, especially his volumes on the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara and on Buddhist iconography, are a revelation of the charm of Oriental study in its most fascinating aspects.

Sinology.--- China and Chinese were made the object of scientific study by Frenchmen---Jesuit missionaries---almost two hundred years ago. Then, in 1815, Abel RÉMUSAT was made professor of Chinese at the Collège de France; and his successor, Stanislas JULIEN, who taught from 1832 to 1873, was the best Sinologist of his day. His translation of the life and travels of the illustrious Buddhist pilgrim, Hiouen Thsang, serves the Indianists much as Pausanias serves the Hellenists. Stagnating somewhat upon the death of Julien, French Sinology sprang to new life again in the hands of the Jesuit missionaries Père SÉRAPHIN-COUVREUR and Père WIEGER, and of CHAVANNES, CORDIER, and PELLIOT.

Father COUVREUR'S "Dictionnaire Chinois-français" (3rd ed., 1911) has been of inestimable value in promoting Chinese studies in France; and Father WIEGER'S "Textes historiques" serve admirably for a general knowledge of the history of the Middle Kingdom. Henri CORDIER'S "Bibliotheca Sinica" (2d ed., 1908) is the most minute and learned Occidental repertory of Chinese bibliography. Édouard CHAVANNES has published the first five volumes of his complete version of the "Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien." Besides this vast historical work may be mentioned his archaeological investigations contained in his "Sculpture sur pierre en Chine" and in his "Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale" (with nearly oo plates). His three beautiful and charming volumes, "Cinq cents contes et apologues, extraits du Tripitaka chinois et traduits en français," have already been most fruitful in the hands of students of comparative literature.

The exploration of Central Asia by Sir Aurel STEIN, PELLIOT, and others, has opened up a new world to students of India and China. PELLIOT'S finds in his journey of 1905-8 were astounding beyond measure. He visited the "Grottos of the Thousand Buddhas," examined the manuscripts (some fifteen to twenty thousand) which had been walled up in the eleventh century (mostly Chinese and Tibetan, but some in Indian writing), and brought to France material for the researches of scholars for decades to come. In 1911 he was made professor of the languages and history and archaeology of Central Asia at the Collège de France.

Instruction.---Lectures for oriental students are numerous and are given in the Collège de France and at the Sorbonne. At the latter is located the École pratique des Hautes Études, which has a section devoted particularly to the science of religion. In addition to these three, there is a practical National School for Living Oriental languages (École spéciale des Langues orientales vivantes), where courses are given for three successive years in the modern languages of Arabia, Persia, China, Japan, Siam, Annam, India (Hindustani and Tamil), Armenia, Turkey, Russia, and Greece, with complementary courses (by CORDIER) on the history and legislation of Moslem races (in Morocco, Algeria, etc.). This school has a special library of 75000 volumes and numerous manuscripts and maps.

As an example of the wealth of instruction given in one year on Oriental subjects, the courses offered in 1914-1915 may be briefly enumerated. They are chiefly one-hour courses. In the Collège de France, MASPERO gave a course on Egyptian grammar and one on the religious and political crisis under Amenothes; FOSSEY, a course on Babylonian law; CLERMONT-GANNEAU, a course on Semitic epigraphy and antiquities; LODS, one course on Hebrew grammar and one on the history of Hebrew religion; CASANOVA, a course on the Koran and another on different forms of Islam; Sylvain LÉVI, one course on Indian literature and one on the Sikhs and Gurkhas; and CHAVANNES, one course on Chinese literature and one on Buddhism in China. There were also general courses on the archaeology of Central Asia, by PELLIOT; on the languages and nations of the Indo-Europeans, by MEILLET; and on the history of sacrifice by LOISY. A "public" course on the art of India, by FOUCHER, and one on comparative grammar, by VENDRYES, were supplemented by conferences intended to extend over several years; thus, for example, FOUCHER gave in the first year lectures on Sanskrit grammar, which were to be followed the next year by exercises in translation of Sanskrit text and during the following third and fourth years by the study of Vedic and Pali texts; and VENDRYES gave special courses on Irish, Gothic, and Old High German.

At the École Pratique des Hautes Études, following about the same order, we find HALVY offering three one-hour courses on Ethiopic (grammar and texts) and Turanian; SCHEIL, on Assyrian texts; BARTHÉLEMY, two courses, on Arabic texts and dialects; and LAMBERT three, on Hebrew and Syriac texts. LÉVI here offered one course on Sanskrit texts (reading one of Kalidasa's plays) and another on recent publications, his course being supplemented by BLOCH with a course on Bengali texts, and by BACOT with one on Tibetan texts. In Avestan, one course was offered by GAUTHIOT. For the near East, courses on Byzantine philology and history were given by DIEHL and PSICHARI. Courses were also offered by CLERMONT-GANNEAU, on Oriental antiquities (besides a special course on Hebrew archaeology), and by Isidore LÉVI, on Alexandrine literature and the History of Israel.

In the Section des Sciences religieuses, two courses were offered by GRANT (Chinese festivals and mourning texts); one on Babylonian and biblical myths, by FOSSEY; two on the cult of Israel and Ecclesiastes, by VERNES; one on Talmudic and Rabbinical Judaism, by Israel LÉVI; and two on the Koran and on Persian mysticism, by Clément HUART; while India was represented by two courses (Upanishad and Buddhist texts) by FOUCHER, and Egypt by two, Egyptian Religion and Book of the Dead, by AMÉLINEAU.

Periodicals.--- The periodicals published by French scholars on Oriental subjects, and appearing in Paris under the auspices of the University or the closely connected learned bodies whose members are University professors, are also worthy of notice. The "Journal Asiatique," published by the Société Asiatique, is the oldest and best; its contributors are mainly from the University. The "Mémoires de la Société de linguistique" and the "Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient" are also valuable periodicals in their respective scientific and practical lines; while the "Journal des Savants," though more general in scope, is not less scientific. Under the care of the Musée Guimet appears the "Revue de l'histoire des religions," an invaluable aid to all workers in the field of comparative religion; while the "Young Pao," now in its eighteenth year, and the "Revue Sémitique," published by Halévy, are indispensable for the Sinologue and Semitic scholar.

Libraries.---Besides the general libraries of the College, the Sorbonne, and the Institute, the student of Orientalia has the Musée Guimet (Place d'Iéna), which contains 32000 volumes on the history and culture of the extreme Orient, and the Musée Indo-Chinois (Palais du Trocadéro), which contains a rich collection of Oriental antiquities. There is a special Salle de travail (Galerie Saint-Jacques) reserved for foreign students wishing to obtain the Certificat d'Études françaises.