Offices Furnishing Information to Foreign Students. From the beginning of the thirteenth century, when the University of Paris was founded, till the present day, France has always generously extended to the whole world the hospitality of her schools of higher learning. This hospitality has been eagerly accepted in modern as well as in mediaeval times, as is evidenced by an enrollment on January 15, 1913, of 5560 foreigners in the Faculties of the French Universities, nearly a seventh of the entire student body.

In order to emphasize this hospitality and render it concrete, the French educational authorities have organized two offices or bureaus whose business it is to facilitate in every possible way the pursuit of studies in France and to render any service possible to the prospective or resident foreign student. These offices are: Bureau des Renseignements, at the Sorbonne, and Office National des Universités et Écoles Françaises, 96 Boulevard Raspail, Paris. The Bureau of Information publishes annually the "Livret de l'Étudiant" of the University of Paris, which also contains a complete detailed account of all the other institutions of higher learning in the capital. The National Office of French Universities and Schools publishes a Handbook which presents in schematic outline a description of the organization, conditions of admission, etc., of all the higher schools, not only in Paris, but also in the provinces. The information contained in the following pages has been reproduced for the most part from these two booklets, which should be consulted for further details. Each University also publishes a "Livret de l'Étudiant" or "Annuaire" which gives an even more detailed account of the particular University and of all the higher schools in the administrative educational district (Académie) in which the University is located.(6)

Each University has also established a committee which seeks to promote in every possible way the interests of foreign students ("Comité de Patronage des étudiants étrangers"). The student is strongly advised to supplement the necessarily limited information contained in the following pages by consulting these various handbooks, and, in case of doubt on any point, to apply directly to one of the two bureaux of information indicated above, or to the Deans of the various Faculties or the Directors of the various Schools, or to the several Committees of Patronage.

The educational data to be described for the intending American student in France can best be grouped under the following headings:

I. Organization of the Various Institutions of Higher Learning:

1. The Universities.
2. Other Institutions.

II. Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates for work done in the Universities.

III. Admission to the Universities.

IV. Credit allowable for Equivalent Degrees in Foreign Institutions.

Classes of Institutions. All institutions of higher learning in France may be divided into three great groups, based on the general principles of their inner organization:

I. The National Universities, under the general administration of the Minister of Public Instruction, which prepare for and confer the main degrees required in France for the practice of the learned professions;

II. (1) Other National Schools, under the general direction of the Ministry of Public Instruction or other ministries and administrations, which are either devoted primarily to pure research or prepare for the various lines of specialization in the government services;

    (2) Independent Institutions, established through private initiative and supported by private gifts and endowments; the scope and variety of the activities of these independent schools is almost unlimited.

There are sixteen French Universities, scattered throughout France, each having its seat in the city which is at the same time the official center of an "Académie." These "Académies" are administrative districts, into which are grouped, for the organization and direction of education, several "départements" under the direction of a "Recteur."

The sixteen French Universities are, besides Paris, the Universities of Aix-Marseille, Alger, Besançon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse.

These Universities have for the most part had a long and glorious past; some of them, as the Universities of Paris and Montpellier, are among the oldest in the world. On the other hand, the actual organization of the Universities as it exists today is very recent. It dates from a law of July 10, 1896, which, grouping together the various isolated and independent Faculties and Schools existing at the seats of the various administrative educational districts, organized them into Universities.

The work of the Universities is comprised under the four Faculties of Law, Medicine, Sciences, and Letters, and the Higher School of Pharmacy. However, not every University possesses all of these five establishments. But, in whatever University they are found, the Faculties or Schools are of the same type and offer essentially the same lines of instruction.

The "Facultés de Médecine" and the "Écoles supérieures de Pharmacie " provide complete instruction for the degrees of doctor of medicine and registered pharmacist, and also offer full opportunities for research along these lines. In some of the Universities the work along these two lines is combined into one school, the so-called "Facultés mixtes de Médecine et de Pharmacie" and the "Écoles de plein exercice de Médecine et de Pharmacie." Other Universities offer only the first three years of studies out of the five required for the official degrees in medicine and pharmacy, in the so-called "Écoles préparatoires de Médecine et de Pharmacie."

The "Facultés de Droit" are devoted not only to research and instruction in the legal sciences, but also in the economic sciences, such as political economy, finance, administration, etc.

The "Facultés des Sciences," especially devoted to the mathematical, physical and biological sciences, offer instruction and research in both pure and applied science.

Finally, the "Facultés des Lettres" give full instruction and offer opportunities for research in philosophy, languages, philology, history, geography, pedagogy, etc. A certain number have also organized for the benefit of foreigners special courses in French literature, philology, and phonetics, which are given either during the regular school year or during the summer vacation.

"Instituts" and "Écoles". In a number of Universities the courses already offered, or the laboratory work already carried on has been specially organized and co-ordinated with reference to the achievement of certain special ends in pure science or in the application of knowledge to special technical or practical purposes. The courses so organized constitute the various "Instituts" and "Écoles," attached to the various Faculties to which they are related. The Universities in which they are organized grant various degrees and diplomas in recognition of the work successfully completed in these special schools. In order to present a synoptic picture of the various Faculties, Institutes and Schools which are comprised in each University today, we have given below a list which is reproduced from the Handbook of the Office National des Universités:

Methods of Instruction. In all the Faculties and Schools, instruction is given, in the first place, by means of "cours publics," the special purpose of which is to set forth, in treating the more general aspects of the problems, the actual state and results of the main lines of human knowledge. Courses with a like purpose ("cours libres") may be offered, on proper authorization, by scholars who do not belong to the regular teaching staff of the Universities.

A more technical and intensive instruction is given in the "cours réservés," open only to regularly matriculated and enrolled students. These courses are supplemented by discussion periods, seminaries' and laboratory work. These latter are the most important factors in developing the student and training him in scholarly methods.

Finally, the Universities place at the disposition of the students libraries, museums, and special collections.

Academic Year. Vacations and Holidays. The academic year begins the first of November and extends to the end of July. However, because of the examinations, which occupy nearly the entire month of July, the courses come to an end in June. Consequently, no instruction is offered during the months of July, August, September and October, except in the special courses organized in some of the Universities in French literature, philology, language, etc., for the convenience of foreigners.

Aside from the summer vacation, all courses are discontinued on legal holidays, during the Christmas holidays (from December 24 to January 2) and during the Easter holidays (fifteen days).

Administration. Each University is administered by a "Conseil," composed of representatives of each Faculty or School and of the "Recteur de l'Académie," who is, de jure, president of the Council of the University. In the University of Paris, however, the administrative head has the title of "Vice-Recteur," the Minister of Public Instruction being "Recteur" ex officio.

Each Faculty or School is administered by a Dean or by a Director, elected by his colleagues, and appointed for three years by the Minister of Public Instruction.

Each Faculty or School possesses a Secretary's office, to which the student should apply in fulfilling all the formalities relative to admission, required courses, examinations, etc.

Paris. The Medical School. École Pratique.	Paris. The Medical School. Anatomical Buildings.

The institutions of higher learning independent of the Universities naturally divide into two great classes: (1) Official institutions under the direct administration of the State; (2) Independent institutions due to private initiative and funds.

Their organization is as different as their aims. Some are devoted primarily to research and to the presentation of the results of research; others aim at giving technical instruction in some particular branch of learning. Each institution has its own courses of studies, its special conditions of admission, etc.

No attempt will be made here to treat of each of these institutions; they number more than a hundred. For the purposes of this Appendix it will be sufficient to call attention to some of the main differences in the conditions of admission, to give a list of the different institutions, and then to single out a few of the more prominent ones which may be of special interest to American students. For complete information with reference to any of these schools, the student is recommended to consult either the Handbook of the Office National des. Universités or the "Livrets de l'Étudiant," issued by the various Universities, which usually contain a description of all the institutions of higher learning within the administrative educational district ("Académie") of which the University is the center.

Foreign students can usually gain admission to practically every one of these higher institutions, if not directly by presenting their diplomas and certificates, then through the representations of their Ambassador or Minister before the proper French authorities. Even though they may not be admitted as regular candidates for the diploma, conferred by the school, they can usually attend in the capacity of visitors. In case a student is interested in the work of some special school, he should not renounce his intent to enter till he has received a refusal through his embassy.

Admission to some of these establishments, as the Collège de France, the Muséum d'histoire naturelle, etc., is free of charge and without scholastic requirement. Admission to others, as the École polytechnique, École des mines, École centrale, is gained only on the basis of competitive examinations.

The following list of institutions of higher education, which includes the various Instituts and Écoles attached to the Faculties of the different Universities, is reproduced from the Handbook of the Office National des Universités et Écoles Françaises. The institutions are grouped under the heading of the branch of study to which they are primarily devoted.

Établissements scientifiques et de Hautes Études

Collège de France, à PARIS, place Marcellin-Berthelot.
Museum d'Histoire naturelle, à PARIS, 57, rue Cuquier.
École pratique des Hautes Études, à PARIS, à la Sorbonne.
École Nationale des Chartes, à PARIS, à la Sorbonne.
École spéciale des Langues orientales vivantes, à PARIS, 2, rue de Lille.
École du Louvre, à PARIS, au Palais du Louvre.
Institut Pasteur, à PARIS, 26, rue Dutot.
Institut Pasteur de LILLE.
Institut Océanographique, à PARIS, 195, rue Saint-Jacques.

Enseignement des Sciences juridiques, économiques, politiques et sociales

École libre des Sciences politiques, à PARIS, 27, rue Saint-Guillaume.
Institut des Sciences économiques et politiques de l'Université de LYON.
École des Hautes Études sociales, à PARIS, 16, rue de la Sorbonne.
Collège libre des Sciences sociales, à PARIS, 28, rue Serpente.
Faculté libre de Droit de l'Institut catholique de PARIS, 74, rue de Vaugirard.
Facultés libres de Droit, à ANGERS, LILLE, LYON et MARSEILLE.
École libre de Droit de NANTES.
École de Législation professionnelle, à PARIS, 16, rue de 1'Abbaye.
Instituts pratiques de Droit des Universités de BORDEAUX, DIJON, LILLE, POITIERS et TOULOUSE.
École de Notariat, à PARIS, 127, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs.
Écoles de Notariat, à ANGERS, BORDEAUX, DIJON, LIMOGES, LYON, NANTES, POITIERS, RENNES, ROUEN et TOULOUSE.

Enseignement de la Médecine et des Sciences annexes

École de plein exercice de Médecine et de Pharmacie de NANTES.
Écoles préparatoires de Médecine et de Pharmacie, a AMIENS, ANGERS, LIMOGES, RENNES, ROUEN et TOURS.
Faculté libre de Médecine et de Pharmacie, à LILLE.
Institut de Médecine légale et de Psychiatrie de l'Université de PARIS.
Institut de Médecine coloniale de l'Université de PARIS.
Institut d'Hygiène de l'Université de LYON.
Institut d'Hygiène de l'Université de TOULOUSE.
Institut Pasteur, à PARIS, 26, rue Dutot.
Institut Pasteur de LILLE.
École d'Anthropologie, à PARIS, 15, rue de l'École-de-Médecine.
Institut général psychologique, à PARIS, 14, rue de Condé.
Institut psycho-physiologique, à PARIS, 49, rue Saint-André- des-Arts.
École française d'Odontologie, à PARIS, 206, boulevard Raspail.
École française de Stomatologie, à PARIS, 24, passage Dauphine.
Institut dentaire de l'Université de NANCY.
École Odontotechnique, à PARIS, 5, rue Garancière.
École dentaire de Paris, 45, rue de la Tour-d'Auvergne.
École dentaire française, à PARIS, 29, boulevard Saint-Martin.
Écoles dentaires, à BORDEAUX et à LYON.

Paris. The Medical School. Façade.	Paris. The Medical School. Reading Room.

Enseignement des Lettres

Faculté libre des Lettres de l'Institut catholique, à PARIS, 74, rue de Vaugirard.
Facultés libres des Lettres, à ANGERS, LILLE, LYON et TOULOUSE.

Enseignement des Sciences

École libre des Hautes Études scientifiques, à PARIS, 74, rue de Vaugirard.
Facultés libres des Sciences, à ANGERS, LILLE, LYON et TOULOUSE.

Enseignement de la Théologie

Faculté libre de Théologie de l'Institut catholique de PARIS, 74, rue de Vaugirard.
Facultés libres de Théologie catholique d'ANGERS, LILLE, LYON et TOULOUSE.
Faculté libre de Droit canonique de l'Institut catholique de PARIS.
Faculté libre de Théologie protestante de PARIS, 83, boulevard Arago.
Faculté libre de Théologie protestante de MONTAUBAN.

Enseignement du Français pour les étrangers

Cours speciaux annuels des Universités de BESANÇON, BORDEAUX, CAEN, DIJON, GRENOBLE, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, POITIERS; RENNES et TOULOUSE, de l'Institut d'Études françaises de Touraine, à TOURS, et de la Guilde internationale, à PARIS, 6, rue de la Sorbonne.

Cours de vacances des Universités de BESANÇON, BORDEAUX, DIJON, GRENOBLE, LILLE (à Boulogne-sur-Mer), LYON, NANCY, RENNES (à Saint-Malo), TOULOUSE, et de l'Institut d'Études françaises de Touraine, à TOURS.

Cours de vacances de l'Alliance française, à PARIS, 186, boulevard Saint-Germain, et de la Guilde internationale.

Écoles préparatoires à l'enseignement

École Normale supérieure, à PARIS, 45, rue d'Ulm.
École Normale supérieure d'Enseignement secondaire des jeunes filles, à SÈVRES (Seine-et-Oise).
École Normale supérieure de l'Enseignement technique, à PARIS, 151, boulevard de l'Hopital.
École Normale supérieure d'Instituteurs, à SAINT-CLOUD (Seine-et-Oise).
École Normale supérieure d'Institutrices, à FONTENAY-AUX-ROSES.
Écoles Normales primaires d'Instituteurs et d'Institutrices.

Écoles Militaires

École Supérieure de Guerre, à PARIS, 33, avenue de la Motte-Picquet.
École Polytechnique, à PARIS, 21, rue Descartes.
École spéciale militaire, à SAINT CYR (Seine-et-Oise).
École du Service de Santé militaire, à LYON.
École du Service de Santé militaire, à PARIS, au Val-de-Grace, 277, rue Saint-Jacques.
École du Service des Poudres et Salpètres, à PARIS, 12, boulevard Henri-IV.

Écoles de la Marine

École Supérieure de la Marine, à PARIS, 13, rue de 1'Université.
École d'Application du Génie maritime, à PARIS, 140, boulevard du Montparnasse.
École Navale, à BREST.
École du Service de Santé de la Marine, à BORDEAUX.
École annexe de Médecine navale, à BREST.
École du Commissariat de la Marine, à BREST.
Écoles des Mécaniciens des equipages de la flotte, à BREST.
Écoles d'Hydrographie, à ALGER, BORDEAUX, BOULOGNE, MARSEILLE, NANTES, BREST, BASTIA, DUNKERQUE, LORIENT, TOULON, LE HAVRE, SAINT-BRIEUC, AGDE, GRANVILLE, PAIMPOL, SAINT-MALO et SAINT-TROPEZ.
Écoles d'Enseignement professionnel et technique des pêches maritimes, à BOULOGNE-SUR-MER, DIEPPE, CALAIS, ARCACHON, CONCARNEAU, LE CROISIC, FÉCAMP, CROIX, LES SABLES D'OLONNE, SAINT-VAAST-LA-HOUGUE.

Enseignement agricole

Institut National agronomique, à PARIS, 16, rue Claude-Bernard.
École Nationale des Eaux et Forêts, à NANCY.
Écoles Nationales d'Agriculture, à GRIGNON (Seine-et-Oise). MONTPELLIER et RENNES.
Institut agronomique de l'Université de LYON.
Institut agricole de l'Université de NANCY.
Institut agricole de l'Université de TOULOUSE.
Institut agricole de BEAUVAIS (Oise).
École Nationale supérieure d'Agriculture coloniale, à NOGENT-SUR-MARNE.
École Supérieure d'Agriculture d'ANGERS.
École Nationale d'Horticulture de VERSAILLES.
École Nationale d'horticulture et de Vannerie de FAYL-BILLOT (Haute-Marne).
École Nationale des Industries agricoles de DOUAI.
Écoles Nationales de l'lndustrie laitière, à MAMIROLLE (Doubs) et à POLIGNY (Jura).
École de Laiterie de l'Université de NANCY.
École de Brasserie et de Malterie de l'Université de NANCY.
Institut oenologie de l'Université de DIJON.
Écoles Nationales vétérinaires, à ALFORT (Seine), LYON et TOULOUSE.
École des Haras, au PIN-AU-HARAS (Orne).

Enseignements concernant les Colonies

École Coloniale, à PARIS, 2, avenue de l'Observatoire.
Institut Colonial de l'Université de BORDEAUX.
Institut Colonial de l'Université de NANCY.
Institut de Médecine coloniale de l'Université de Paris.
Cours de Médecine coloniale de l'École de Médecine de MARSEILLE.
École Nationale supérieure d'Agriculture coloniale de NOGENT-SUR-MARNE.
Écoles Coloniales d'Agriculture de TUNIS et de PHILIPPEVILLE (Algérie).

Enseignement technique industrial

Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, à PARIS, 292, rue Saint-Martin.
École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, à PARIS, 1, rue Montgolfier.
École Centrale lyonnaise, à LYON.
Institut industrial du nord de la France, à LILLE.
École spéciale des Travaux publics, du Bâtiment et de l'Industrie, à PARIS, 3, rue Thénard.
École d'Ingénieurs, à MARSEILLE.
Écoles Nationales des Arts et Métiers de PARIS (151, boulevard de l'Hôpital), AIX, ANGERS, CHALONS-SUR-MARNE, CLUNY (Saône-et-Loire) et LILLE.
Écoles nationales professionnelles, à ARMENTIÈRES (Nord), NANTES, VIERZON (Cher), VOIRON (Isère).
École de la Martinière, à Lyon.
École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, à PARIS, 28, rue des Saints-Pères.
École Nationale supérieure des Mines, à PARIS, 60, boulevard Saint-Michel.
École Nationale des Mines de SAINT ÉTIENNE.
Institut de Géologie de l'Université de NANCY.
Institut d'Hydrologie de l'Université de TOULOUSE.
Écoles des Maîtres mineurs d'ALAIS et DOUAI.
Institut Électrotechnique de l'Université de GRENOBLE
Institut Électrotechnique de l'Université de LILLE.
Institut Électrotechnique et de Mécanique appliquée de l'Université de NANCY.
Institut Électrotechnique de l'Université de TOULOUSE
École Supérieure d'Électricité, à PARIS, 12, rue de Staël.
École d'Électricité et de Mécanique industrielle, à PARIS, 50, rue Violet.
École d'Électricité industrielle, à MARSEILLE.
École pratique d'Électricité industrielle, à PARIS, 53, rue Belliard.
École spéciale de Mécanique et d'Électricité, à PARIS, 20 bis, rue Bertrand.
École Breguet, à PARIS, 81-83, rue Falguière.
Institut de Chimie appliquée de l'Université de PARIS.
Institut chimique de l'Université de NANCY.
Institut de Chimie de l'Université de TOULOUSE.
Institut de Chimie de l'Université de MONTPELLIER.
Institut et École de Chimie de l'Université de LILLE.
École de Chimie appliquée à l'industrie et à l'agriculture de l'Université de BORDEAUX.
École de Chimie industrielle de l'Université de LYON.
École municipale de Physique et de Chimie industrielles, à PARIS, 10, rue Vauquelin.
Institut de Chimie industrielle de CLERMONT-FERRAND.
École de Chimie industrielle de ROUEN.
Institut Aérotechnique de l'Université de PARIS, à SAINT CYR-L'ÉCOLE (Seine-et-Oise).
École Supérieure d'Aéronautique et de Construction mécanique, à PARIS, 922, rue de Clignancourt.
École Supérieure professionnelle des Postes et Telegraphes, à PARIS, 103, rue de Grenelle.
Écoles Nationales d'Horlogerie de BESANÇON et de CLUSES (Haute-Savoie).
École de Papeterie de l'Université de GRENOBLE.
École de Tannerie de l'Université de LYON.
École de Brasserie et de Malterie de l'Université de NANCY.

Enseignement technique commercial

École des Hautes Études commerciales, à PARIS, 43, rue de Tocqueville.
Institut des Sciences commerciales de l'Université de GRENOBLE.
Institut Commercial de l'Université de NANCY.
Institut Commercial de PARIS, 15, avenue de Wagram.
École Supérieure pratique de Commerce et d'Industrie, à PARIS, 79, avenue de la République.
École Supérieure pratique de Commerce et d'Industrie de LILLE.
Écoles Supérieures de Commerce d'ALGER, BORDEAUX, DIJON, LE HAVRE, LYON, MARSEILLE, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, NANTES, ROUEN et TOULOUSE.

Enseignement des Beaux-Arts

École Nationale et spéciale des Beaux-Arts, à PARIS, 14, rue Bonaparte.
École du Louvre, à PARIS, au Palais du Louvre.
Écoles Nationales des Beaux-Arts, à ALGER, BOURGES, DIJON, LYON, TOULOUSE.
Écoles régionales des Beaux-Arts, à AMIENS, CLERMONT-FERRAND, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, RENNES, ROUEN, SAINT-ÉTIENNE, TOURS.
Écoles Municipales des Beaux-Arts, à ANGERS, AVIGNON, BORDEAUX, CAEN, GRENOBLE, LE HAVRE, LILLE, POITIERS.
École spéciale d'Architecture, à PARIS, 254, boulevard Raspail.
Écoles régionales d'Architecture, à LILLE, LYON, MARSEILLE, RENNES et ROUEN.
École de Sculpture, à GRENOBLE.
École Nationale des Arts décoratifs, à PARIS, 5, rue de l'École-de-Médecine et 10, rue de Seine.
Écoles Nationales des Arts décoratifs, a AUBUSSON, LIMOGES et NICE.
École Nationale des Beaux-Arts et des Arts décoratifs de BORDEAUX.
École Nationale des Arts appliqués à l'Industrie de BOURGES.
École Nationale des Arts appliqués à l'Industrie, à ROUBAIX (Nord).
École départementale d'art appliqué de BORDEAUX.
École des Beaux-Arts et des Sciences industrielles de TOULOUSE.
Écoles régionales des Arts industriels, à REIMS et à SAINT-ÉTIENNE.
Conservatoire National de Musique et de Déclamation, à PARIS, 14, rue de Madrid.
Conservatoires Nationaux et Écoles Nationales de Musique, a CHAMBÉRY, DIJON, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, NANTES, NIMES, PERPIGNAN, RENNES, TOULOUSE, AMIENS, CAEN, DOUAI, TOURS, etc. Schola Cantorum, à PARIS, 269, rue Saint-Jacques.

Among the schools enumerated above are several, mostly located in Paris, to which special attention should be called, either since they offer lines of work which are not presented by the Universities or since their work extends and supplements the work of the Universities.

Paris. The Pharmacy School. Façade.	Paris. The Pharmacy School. Botanic Garden and Laboratories

Collège de France. Founded in 1530 by Francis I, in opposition to the then mediaevalism of the Sorbonne, the Collège de France has been throughout its history one of the most famous and active seats of liberal investigation in the world. Its central aim is to contribute to the progress of science by discoveries, research, and instruction and finally by special undertakings and publications. As at present constituted, it comprises forty-five chairs of research, representing nearly all the main lines of investigation. In general function it corresponds very closely to our Carnegie Institution.

The courses of lectures are open to the general public without any charge. On the contrary, admission to the laboratories is granted only to persons authorized by the professors in charge and who evidence sufficient preparation. The Collège de France confers no degree and grants no diploma. However, each professor may deliver either "Certificats d'assiduïté" or "Certificats de recherches" or "d'études," which are countersigned by the Director.

Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, at 57 rue Cuvier, Paris. The Museum has as its object to provide public instruction in natural history; but through its instruction and through the investigations carried on in its laboratories, it is an institution of pure science, of free and disinterested research. It comprises eighteen chairs, devoted to the different branches of biological science.

The courses of the Museum are open to the general public free of charge. In order to follow the lectures and experiments, it is necessary to enroll at the various laboratories; but no diploma is required, and foreigners are admitted on the same conditions as Frenchmen. The Museum, like the Collège de France, confers no degree and delivers no diploma. However, a " Certificat d'assiduïté" may be given at the end of the year to regular attendants by the professors whose courses they have followed.

École Pratique des Hautes Études, at the Sorbonne. This school is intended to furnish, alongside the purely theoretical instruction of the Faculties, advanced practical work which may strengthen and extend it.

The school is divided into five sections: (1) Historical and philological sciences; (2) Mathematical sciences; (3) Physical-chemical sciences; (4) Biological sciences; (5) Religious sciences. But only the sections of Historical and Philological sciences and that of Religious sciences are centralized, and, installed at the Sorbonne, have a real and autonomous existence. The others are constituted by courses and laboratories at the Museum, the Collège de France, and at the Faculties of the University of Paris and even of the provinces.

The courses are open to the public free of charge. No requirement as to age, nationality, or degree is demanded for enrollment. But in order to be admitted to a laboratory, it is necessary to obtain the permission of the Director.

The normal course of study is three years. At the end of the first year, which is a sort of probation year, the regular attendants who have done satisfactory work receive the title of "Élèves titulaires de l'École pratique des hautes études"; at the end of three years, they may, by presenting a memoir, obtain the title of " Élèves Diplômés."

Institut Pasteur, at 26, rue Dutot, Paris. The Institut Pasteur is at the same time a center of research, a school of higher instruction, and, in certain of its sections, a medical establishment. It is divided into three sections: Section of microbiology; Section of serotherapy; Section of biological chemistry.

In this latter section theoretical and practical instruction is offered, comprising courses and laboratory work during three months beginning in November. The fees for laboratory work, material, and instruction is 250 francs. A "Certificat de présence et d'études" may be granted to students who have followed regularly the courses and laboratory work.

École Libre des Sciences Politiques, at 27, rue Saint-Guillaume, Paris. This is one of the most famous schools in the world, in the field of the political, social, and economic sciences. Its courses of study comprise all the sciences necessary for the training of anyone who would make politics his profession or would enter upon an administrative career.

Organization. The courses and lectures are grouped under five sections: Administrative section; Economic and Financial section; Economic and Social section; Diplomatic section; General section (Public law and history). The course of study normally requires three years. A supplementary year, comprised of special courses, is open to graduate students of the school.

Conditions of admission. The School receives regularly enrolled pupils or auditors, whether foreigners or Frenchmen. No university degree nor any examination is required for admission.

Fees. Enrollment for the entire normal course of study: 350 francs a year. Partial enrollment for a single course or for one lecture a week: 70 francs a year. Enrollment for the supplementary year: 250 francs.

Degree. In each section, a partial examination is held at the end of each year and a general examination at the end of the three years' course. A diploma is conferred on the candidates who successfully pass these examinations. Fees for the examinations and the diploma: 140 francs.

Scholastic work done in French Universities may be attested by certificates of assiduity, or by degrees, diplomas, and certificates.

There are two great and distinct groups of degrees, diplomas, and certificates: (1) those conferred by the State; (2) those conferred by the Universities.

(1) The degrees, diplomas, and certificates, conferred by the State, grant to those who possess them various prerogatives, particularly the right of practicing in France certain professions.

(2) The degrees, diplomas, and certificates conferred by the Universities themselves, and in their own name, serve to attest studies pursued for which the State has created no formal approval; or again they put upon the same studies as those pursued for the corresponding degrees of the State a stamp of equal value, without conferring the right to practice in France the professions for which the possession of the latter is required. As, in general, the conditions of "inscription" for the degrees conferred by the Universities make it possible to take fuller account of the scholastic work already done in other countries, these degrees and diplomas are more easily accessible to foreign students.

These certificates are especially useful to foreign students who desire to receive credit in the universities of their native country for the time they have spent in a French University. They may be earned by any foreign student who has been regularly matriculated and who has taken part in the prescribed work of a Faculty or School during at least one semester.

As the formalities for keeping track of this prescribed work vary from University to University and from Faculty to Faculty, all students desiring, at the end of their studies, to obtain such a certificate are recommended to make this intention known when they matriculate at the office of the Secretary of their Faculty. They will then receive instructions relative to their various obligations.

A request for a Certificate of Assiduity must be addressed to the office of the Secretary of the Faculty at the end of the semester.

These degrees, diplomas, and certificates are those required by the State for the practice in France of various professions.

They will be found enumerated in the following description, grouped under the Faculties which confer them, together with an indication of the work prescribed and fees required.

.

A. Degrees and Diplomas in Law

The degrees and diplomas of the State, earned under the Faculties of Law, are the "Certificat de capacité en droit," the "Licence en droit," and the "Doctorat en droit."

Certificat de Capacité en Droit. Open to both French and foreign students without any requirement as to degrees or diplomas. Prescribed work: Two years of study, evidenced by eight "inscriptions;" examinations at the end of each of the two years. Expenses involved: "Inscriptions," 260 francs; fees for examinations and certificate, I30 francs.

Licence en Droit. Open to French students who produce the "baccalauréat" or an exemption from the "baccalauréat," and to foreign students who can produce the "baccalauréat" or who have obtained an equivalence of the "baccalauréat." Prescribed course: Three years of study, involving twelve "inscriptions;" examinations at the end of each of the three years of study. Success in passing the examinations which close the second year confers the degree of "bachelier en droit." Expenses involved: "Inscriptions," 390 francs; fees for examinations and diplomas, 750 francs.

Doctorat en Droit. The "doctorat en droit" is general, as far as the degree is concerned, but the diploma bears an indication of one of the two lines of specialization: "sciences juridiques" or "sciences politiques et économiques." Conditions of admission: Candidates must be "licenciés en droit." Foreigners who have not obtained the "licence en droit," but who have already graduated from a foreign university, may become candidates for the "doctorat " on the condition that they obtain an equivalence of the "licence." Prescribed work: One year of study, involving four "inscriptions;" examinations: two oral examinations and the defense of a thesis. Expenses involved: "Inscriptions," 130 francs; fees for examinations, thesis and diploma, 445 francs.

B. Degrees and Diplomas in Medicine

The degrees and diplomas of the State, earned under the Faculties of Medicine, the "Facultés mixtes," and the "Écoles de plein exercice de Médecine et de Pharmacie," are the "Doctorat en médecine," the "Diplôme de chirurgien-dentiste," and the "Diplômes de sage-femme" (1st: and 2nd class).

Doctorat en Médecine. The diploma of the State of "docteur en médecine" is the degree which confers the right to practice medicine throughout the entire extent of French territory. Conditions of admission: Candidates must present the "baccalauréat français" and the "certificat d'études physiques, chimiques et naturelles" ("P. C. N."), granted by a Faculty of Science. No exemption or equivalence is admitted. Prescribed course: Five years of required studies, involving twenty "inscriptions." Clinical work is obligatory during the entire term of study. During the first four years it must be pursued at the seat of the faculty or School itself; during the fifth year, it may, with the consent of the Faculty, be pursued in institutions at the choice of the student either in France or abroad. Internes and externes attached to hospitals, who are appointed on the basis of competitive examinations may count their service as equivalent to the clinical work in medicine and surgery. Examinations at the end of each of the five years of study. Three clinical examinations. Defense of a thesis. Expenses involved: "Inscriptions" and laboratory fees, 950 francs; fees for examinations, thesis and diploma, 690 francs.

Diplôme de Chirurgien-Dentiste. This diploma is required of everyone who wishes to practice dentistry in France. Conditions of admission: Candidates must be at least 16 years old and must present either the "baccalauréat," or the "brevet supérieur de l'enseignement primaire," or the "certificats d'études primaires supérieures," or the "Diplôme de fin d'études de l'enseignement secondaire des jeunes filles." No equivalence or exemption is permitted. Prescribed course: Five years, comprising three years of studies and two years of clinical work, involving twelve "inscriptions." The clinical and scholastic work is done, either in the Faculties or Schools of Medicine in which dental instruction is organized, or in the independent institutions of higher dental instruction; e. g., the "École dentaire," the "École odontotechnique," and the "École dentaire française" in Paris. A partial exemption from the prescribed course may be granted to foreign dentists if they have already obtained one of the French diplomas indicated above. Examinations: (1) A test of clinical knowledge and ability; (2) three examinations, one at the end of each year of scholastic work. Medical students who present twelve "inscriptions" are admitted to the examinations for the "diplôme de chirurgien-dentiste," with complete exemption from the first of these examinations if they complete successfully the two years of clinical work. Expenses involved: The fees in the various independent schools of dentistry vary from 1000 to 2500 francs for the three-year course; fees for examinations and diploma, 250 francs.

Diplôme de Sage-Femme. These diplomas must be produced by all women who would practice the art of midwifery in French territory.

Paris. The School of Sciences. One of the Botanical Laboratories.	Paris. The School of Sciences. Laboratory of Biological Chemistry

C. Degrees and Diplomas in the Sciences.

The degrees and diplomas of the State, earned under the Faculties of Sciences, are the "Certificat d'études physiques, chimiques et naturelles" (P. C. N.), the "Certificats d'études supérieures de sciences," the "Licence," the "Diplômes d'études supérieures de sciences," and the "Doctorat ès sciences."

Certificat d'Études Physiques, Chimiques et Naturelles ("P.C.N."). Open to French students who present the "baccalauréat," or the "brevet supérieur," or the "certificat d'études primaires supérieures," or the "diplôme de fin d'études de l'enseignement secondaire des jeunes filles." Foreign students who have not obtained the "baccalauréat" may work for this certificate by obtaining an equivalence therefor. However, all students, foreigners as well as Frenchmen, who desire, by presenting this certificate, to become candidates for the degree of "docteur en médecine" conferred by the State, must absolutely be provided with the "baccalauréat français." Prescribed course: A year of study involving four "inscriptions;" examinations at the end of the year. Expenses involved: Inscriptions and laboratory fees, 220 francs; examination, 85 francs.

Certificats d'Études Supérieures de Sciences. The number and nature of these certificates vary according to the Universities. In the sections devoted to the various Faculties of Sciences in the hand-book published by the Office National des Universités et Écoles Françaises or in the "Livrets de l'Étudiant" published by each University, will be found a complete list of the certificates conferred by each Faculty. Conditions of admission: These certificates are open to French students who present the "baccalauréat " or an exemption therefrom, and to foreign students who have already obtained the "baccalauréat" or an equivalence for the " baccalauréat." Prescribed course: One year of study involving four "inscriptions"; examinations comprise a written test, a test as to laboratory ability, and an oral test. Expenses involved: "Inscriptions," 130 francs; the laboratory fees vary from 40 to 100 francs according to the nature of the studies; examination fee, 35 francs for the first certificate, and 30 francs for each succeeding certificate.

Licence ès Sciences. The "Diplôme de licencié ès sciences" is conferred, on the payment of a diploma fee of 40 francs, to any student who has obtained three of the "certificats d'études supérieures," chosen by him from the list of those which the Faculty is authorized to grant.

Diplômes d'Études supérieures de Sciences. These diplomas are three in number and bear an indication of one of the following lines of specialization: Mathematics, Physical sciences, Natural sciences. Conditions of admission: No condition whatever as to age, "inscription," degree, or nationality is required. Examinations: (1) Composition of a monograph bearing on a subject approved by the Faculty; (2) an oral examination on this work and allied subject-matter.

Doctorat ès Sciences. The "Doctorat ès sciences" is general, so far as the degree is concerned, but the diploma may bear an indication of one of the following lines of specialization: Mathematics, Physical sciences, Natural sciences. Conditions of admission: Candidates must be "licenciés ès sciences" ("Licence d'enseignement ") or, if they are foreigners, have obtained an equivalence of the "licence." Examinations: Two theses or a thesis and a discussion of problems formulated by the Faculty. Fees for the examination and diploma: 145 francs.

D. Degrees and Diplomas in Letters.

The degrees and diplomas of the State, earned under the Faculties of Letters, are the "Licence ès lettres," the "Diplômes d'études supérieures," and the "Doctorat ès lettres."

The "Diplôme de licencié ès lettres" bears an indication of one of the following lines of specialization: Philosophy, History and Geography, Classical Languages and Literatures, Modern Languages and Literatures. Conditions of admission: French candidates must present the "baccalauréat " or an exemption therefrom, and foreign candidates, if they have not the "baccalauréat français," must have obtained an equivalence therefor. Prescribed course: A year of study involving four "inscriptions;" the examinations comprise both written and oral tests. Expenses involved: "Inscriptions," I10 francs; examination fee, 105 francs.

Diplôme d'Études Supérieures de Lettres. These diplomas are four in number, corresponding to the four following lines of specialization: Philosophy, History and Geography, Classical Languages and Literatures, Modern Languages and Literatures. Conditions of admission: No requirement as to age, "inscription," degree, or nationality is demanded. Examinations: (1) Composition of a monograph on a subject approved by the Faculty; (2) oral examination on this composition and allied subject matter.

Doctorat ès Lettres. The candidates must be "licenciés ès lettres" or, if they are foreigners, have obtained an equivalence of the "licence" (cf. infra). Examinations: Two theses must be presented and defended. The first must be written in French. The second, which may be a memoir or a critical study, must be written either in French or in one of the ancient or modern languages taught at the Faculty. It should be, as far as possible, a work of erudition: critical bibliography or catalogue, critical edition of an important text not already published or badly published, critical examination of or commentary on a document, etc. The subject and plan of both the theses must be approved by the Faculty. The fees for the theses and the diploma amount to 140 francs.

E. Degrees and Diplomas in Pharmaceutical Studies

The degrees and diplomas conferred by the State for pharmaceutical studies are the "Diplôme de pharmacien," "Diplôme supérieur de pharmacien," and "Certificats d'aptitude à la profession d'herboriste."

The "Diplôme de pharmacien" is required of every one acting as a pharmacist in France. The "baccalauréat français" is absolutely required of all candidates, French or foreign, for either of the first two degrees mentioned above.

Since the number of American students interested in this line of work is apt to be much smaller than in the lines previously mentioned, it will be sufficient to refer to the handbook of the Office National des Universités or the "Livrets de l'Étudiant"; of the various Universities for the conditions of admission, courses prescribed, examinations and fees incident to each of these degrees.

As has already been said above, the Universities have created degrees and diplomas, either for stamping with formal approval and value courses of study to which no degree or diploma of the State corresponds, or for rendering it possible for foreign students, by receiving credit for their previous foreign studies, to obtain diplomas which have the same scientific value as the corresponding diplomas conferred by the State, but which do not grant the same right to practice in France certain professions.

Since these degrees and diplomas are created by the Universities themselves, the work prescribed and the fees required vary from one University to another, even though the names by which they are designated are the same. Furthermore, since the degrees number nearly a hundred, each with its own requirements, it has seemed wise to present merely a list of these degrees and diplomas to indicate their variety and scope; and then to single out for special consideration a few in which American students would more likely be interested.

In the following list, which is reproduced from the Handbook of the Office National des Universités et Écoles Françaises (pp. 485), each degree and diploma is arranged under the head of the Faculty which confers it. For a complete statement of the requirements for obtaining these various degrees, consult the Handbook or the "Livrets de l'étudiant" issued by the various Universities.

A. Degrees and Diplomas for Studies in Law, Politics, Economics, and Commerce

Doctorat en droit: Universités de PARIS, DIJON, GRENOBLE, LILLE, LYON, et NANCY.
Doctorat ès lois: Université de CAEN.
Licence en droit: Universités de DIJON et de NANCY.
Certificat supérieur de capacité en droit: Université de GRENOBLE.
Certificat d'études juridiques: Université de NANCY.
Certificat d'études pratiques de droit: Universités de BORDEAUX, CAEN, DIJON, LILLE, POITIERS.
Certificat d études notariales: Université de LYON.
Certificat d'études des sciences juridiques, politiques ou économiques: Université de DIJON.
Diplôme de l'Institut lyonnais des sciences économiques et politiques: Université de LYON.
Certificat de sciences pénales: Université de PARIS.
Certificat d'études pénales: Université de MONTPELLIER.
Certificat d'études administratives et financières: Universités de PARIS et de TOULOUSE.
Certificat d'études administratives algériennes: Université d'ALGER.
Certificat supérieur d'études administratives algériennes: Université D'ALGER.
Diplômes d'études coloniales: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme de l'Institut d'enseignement commercial de l'Université de GRENOBLE.
Certificat d'études de l'Institut d'enseignement commercial de l'Université de GRENOBLE.
Diplôme d'ingénieur commercial: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme d'études supérieures commerciales: Université de NANCY.
Certificat d'études supérieures commerciales: Université de NANCY.

B. Degrees and Diplomas for Studies in Medicine and Allied Subjects

Doctorat en médecine: Universités de PARIS, ALGER, BORDEAUX, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, TOULOUSE.
Diplôme de médecin colonial: Universités de PARIS et de BORDEAUX.
Diplôme d'études médicales coloniales: Université d'AIX-MARSEILLE.
Diplôme de Médecine légale et psychiatrie: Université de PARIS.
Diplôme d' études de médecine légale et de psychiatrie médicolégale: Université de LILLE.
Diplôme d'études psycho-physiologiques: Université de LYON.
Diplôme de docteur ès sciences biologiques: Université de NANCY.
Certificat d'études spéciales d'hygiène: Université de LILLE.
Certificat d'études d'hygiène: Universités de LYON et de TOULOUSE.
Certificat d'études hydrologiques: Université de TOULOUSE .
Diplôme de chirurgien-dentiste pour les étudiants étrangers : Universités de BORDEAUX, LILLE et NANCY.

C. Degrees and Diplomas for Studies in the Sciences (Pure and Applied Sciences, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Electrotechnic, etc.)

Doctorat ès sciences: Universités de PARIS, AIX-MARSEILLE, BESANÇON, BORDEAUX, CLERMONT, DIJON, GRENOBLE, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, TOULOUSE.
Diplôme de mathématiques générales: Université de LYON
Diplôme de licencié mécanicien: Université de LILLE.
Diplôme d'ingénieur mécanicien: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme de licencié physicien: Université de LILLE.
Brevet d'électricité industrielle: Universités d'AIX-MARSEILLE et de CLERMONT.
Certificat d'études d'électricité industrielle: Université d'ALGER.
Diplôme d'électricité appliquée: Université de BESANÇON.
Brevet ou certificat d'études électrotechniques: Universités de GRENOBLE, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLLER.
Diplôme d'ingénieur électricien: Universités de GRENOBLE, NANCY, TOULOUSE.
Brevet d'électricien: Université de POITIERS.
Brevet de conducteur électricien: Université de GRENOBLE
Diplôme d'ingénieur chimiste: Universités de PARIS, BORDEAUX, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, TOULOUSE.
Diplôme de chimiste: Universités d AIX-MARSEILLE, ALGER, CLERMONT, RENNES.
Brevet de chimie industrielle: Université de CLERMONT.
Brevet d'études techniques de chimie industrielle: Université de LYON.
Brevet de chimie agricole: Université de CLERMONT.
Diplôme de chimiste agricole: Université de POITIERS.
Diplôme de sciences chimiques et naturelles appliquées à 1'agriculture: Université de RENNES.
Diplôme d'agriculture: Université de BESANÇON.
Diplôme d' études agronomiques supérieures: Université de LYON.
Diplôme d' études supérieures agronomiques: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme d'études d'agronomie: Université de CAEN.
Diplôme d'études agricoles: Université de TOULOUSE
Diplôme d'études coloniales: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme de licencié géologue: Université de LILLE.
Diplôme d'ingénieur géologue: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme de géologue minéralogiste: Université d'ALGER.
Diplôme d'hydrobiologie et de pisciculture: Université de TOULOUSE.
Certificat d'études supérieures de sciences appliquées au genie civil: Université d'ALGER.
Diplôme d'études supérieures aérodynamiques: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme d'ingénieur horloger: Université de BESANÇON.
Brevet d'oenologie: Université de DIJON.
Diplôme supérieur d'études oenologiques: Université de DIJON.
Diplôme d'ingénieur papetier: Université de GRENOBLE.
Brevet de conducteur papetier: Université de GRENOBLE.
Diplôme d' études supérieures de brasserie: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme d'ingénieur brasseur: Université de NANCY.
Certificat d'études de l'École de laiterie: Université de NANCY.
Diplôme d'études psycho-physiologiques: Université de LYON.
Certificat de maturité du Collège oriental de l'Université de LYON.
Diplôme d'aptitude à l'enseignement (mention Sciences) du Collège oriental de l'Université de LYON.
Diplôme d'études scientifiques du Collège oriental de l'Université de LYON.

D. Degrees and Diplomas for Studies in the Humanities (Literatures, Linguistics, Philosophy, History. Geography, etc.)

Doctorat ès lettres: Universités de PARIS, AIX-MARSEILLE, BESANÇON, BORDEAUX, CAEN, CLERMONT, DIJON, GRENOBLE, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, POITIERS, RENNES, TOULOUSE.
Diplôme d'études universitaires: Universités de PARIS et de BORDEAUX.
Certificat d'études littéraires: Université de POITIERS.
Certificat d'études françaises: Universités de PARIS , BESANÇON, BORDEAUX, CAEN, CLERMONT, GRENOBLE, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, POITIERS, RENNES, TOULOUSE.
Diplôme de langue française: Université de DIJON.
Brevet de langue française: Université de DIJON.
Diplôme de hautes études de langue et de littérature françaises: Université de GRENOBLE.
Diplôme d'études supérieures de phonétique française: Universités de GRENOBLE et de LILLE.
Certificat de maturité du Collège oriental de l'Université de LYON.
Diplôme d'aptitude à 1'enseignement (mention lettres) du Collège oriental de Université de LYON.
Diplôme d'études littéraires du Collège oriental de l'Université de LYON.
Certificat d'aptitude à l'enseignement du français à l'étranger: Universités de GRENOBLE et de POITIERS.
Certificat supérieur pour l'enseignement du français à 1'étranger: Université de GRENOBLE.
Diplôme d' études pédagogiques supérieures: Université de LYON.
Diplôme d' études psycho-physiologiques: Université de LYON.
Diplôme d' études russes: Universités de DIJON et de LILLE .
Diplôme d'études chinoises: Université de LYON.
Diplôme d'études celtiques: Université de RENNES.

E. Degrees and Diplomas for Pharmaceutical Studies

Doctorat en pharmacie: Universités de PARIS, ALGER, BORDEAUX, LILLE, LYON, MONTPELLIER, NANCY, TOULOUSE.
Diplôme de pharmacien: Universités de PARIS, BORDEAUX, NANCY.
Diplôme d'études de pharmacien de 1re classe: Université de LYON.
Diplôme supérieur d'études de pharmacien de 1re classe: Université de LYON.
Diplôme d' études pharmaceutiques coloniales: Université d'AIX-MARSEILLE.

Two groups of degrees in this somewhat bewildering list will prove of special interest to a large number of American students: (1) the "doctorats de l'Université" ("mention Droit, Médecine, Sciences, Lettres, Pharmacie"); (2) the "certificats d'études françaises," "diplôme de langue française," and other degrees conferred on foreign students only, for their achievements in French language and literature.

(1) The "Doctorat de l'Université," which is conferred by the Universities themselves, is the degree most often sought by American graduate students in France. And for two good reasons: first, it is declared by the French educational authorities to have the same scientific and academic value as the "Doctorat de l'État," and its status in this country is approximately that of the usual American doctor's degree; secondly, the latitude permitted to the universities in establishing equivalences between college and university work completed in another country and the French requirements gives less difficulty in satisfying the technical conditions for becoming a candidate for the degree. On this point consult more particularly what is stated below, under "Equivalences."

The "Doctorat de l'Université" bears an indication of one of the five lines of specialization, corresponding to the faculty in which the studies are pursued, as Law, Medicine, Sciences, Letters, or Pharmacy. Not all the Universities confer the degree in all these lines of specialization, even when the University comprises a corresponding Faculty. For example, of the sixteen French Universities, two have no Faculty of Law (Besançon and Clermont-Ferrand). Out of the remaining fourteen which possess such Faculties, only seven confer the "Doctorat de l'Université, mention Droit."

In the following brief description of the "Doctorat de l'Université" in the different branches in which it is conferred, the attempt has been simply to indicate the Universities in which the degree is granted, the general requirements, and the range of fees.

Doctorat de l'Université, mention Droit. Conferred by the Universities of Paris, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, and Nancy. Open to foreign students only who present the French diploma of "licence en droit," or who obtain from the Faculty, on the basis of diplomas or degrees earned abroad, an equivalence therefor. The term of study required is one year, except in the Universities of Caen and Lille where it is two years. The preparation and defence of a thesis, and oral (sometimes also written) examinations on problems or subject matter indicated in advance by the Faculty. The total fees for matriculation or "inscriptions," examinations, thesis, and diploma vary from 161 to 380 francs, according to the University.

Paris. The Law School. Façade	Paris. The Law School. Reading Room.

Doctorat de l'Université, mention Médecine. Conferred by the Universities of Paris, Alger, Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Toulouse. Open to foreign students only who have obtained an equivalence of the "baccalauréat de l'enseignement secondaire." The prescribed course of study of five years, the examinations and the fees are the same as for the corresponding degree conferred by the State. Those who have already fulfilled abroad some of the requirements may be given credit for it in the French curriculum ("equivalence de scolarité").

Doctorat de l'Université, mention Sciences. Conferred by the Universities of Paris, Aix-Marseille, Besançon, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy and Toulouse. Open to both French and foreign students who present two or three "certificats d'études supérieures de sciences d'État," or other degrees and diplomas judged by the Faculty to be equivalent. The preparation and defence of a thesis and oral (sometimes written) examinations on problems or subject matter indicated in advance by the Faculty. The term of study required is one year, except at the University of Montpellier where it is two years. The fees for matriculation, examinations, thesis, and diploma vary from 80 to 180 francs. In addition to this, laboratory fees run from 200 to 800 francs, according to the line of work.

Doctorat de l'Université, mention Lettres. Conferred by the Universities of Paris, Aix-Marseille, Besançon, Bordeaux, Caen, Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse. Open to any French or foreign student who presents the "licence ès lettres," or other degrees or diplomas judged equivalent or otherwise sufficient by the Faculty. The required term of study is usually two years, one of which must be passed in residence at the University where the degree is sought, while the other may be spent in another French university, in some cases even in a foreign university. However, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nancy, and Toulouse require only one year of study, while Rennes requires three. The preparation and defence of a thesis and an oral examination on problems or subject matter indicated in advance by the Faculty. The fees for matriculation, examination, thesis, and diploma vary from 100 to 200 francs.

Doctorat de l'Université, mention Pharmacie. Open to French students who present the "diplôme de pharmacien," and to foreign students who obtain by examination the "certificat d'études de pharmacie chimique et de toxicologie" and the "certificat de pharmacie galénique et de matière médicale," or who present degrees and diplomas recognized as equivalent. The term of study is one year. Preparation and defence of a thesis. The fees for matriculation, laboratory, examination, and thesis vary from 530 to 730 francs.

(2) "Certificats d'études Françaises," "Diplôme d'études françaises," etc. Open only to foreigners, without any requirement as to degrees or titles. The term of study is usually one semester at least. The fees are usually 30 francs for matriculation and from 20 to 50 francs for the examination. All the French Universities (except Aix and Alger) offer courses leading to these certificates. At a number of Universities summer schools during July and August have been organized in connection with the elaborate courses in French language, literature, and phonetics established by the Alliance française. Work done in these summer courses is often accepted in at least partial fulfilment of the requirements for these certificates. For full information concerning these summer courses in the Universities and in the various schools under the direction of the Alliance française, consult the "Guide illustré de l'étudiant étranger à PARIS et en France," published under the direction of the Alliance at the Librairie Larousse, and the "Bulletin officiel de la Fédération de l'Alliance française aux États-Unis et au Canada," 1420 Broadway, New York City.

The student who seeks to enter any French University may be admitted: (1) simply as a matriculated student; (2) as a student enrolled (inscrit) as a candidate for a definite degree or diploma; (3) as a pupil (élève) in an Institute or School attached to a University.

Since the conditions of admission to the Institutes and Schools vary somewhat from one to another, the necessary indications pertaining thereto should be sought in the Handbook of the Office National des Universités et Écoles françaises, or in the "Livrets de l'Étudiant" issued by the Universities themselves.

Since, on the contrary, the regulations governing matriculation and enrollment (inscription) are common to all the Universities, these have been grouped together in the following description.

The necessary, but adequate, condition for being admitted to follow the courses and discussions of a University, to use its libraries, collections, and instruments of work of every sort, is Matriculation, which implies being registered in due form on the books of a Faculty or School of the University.

Matriculation makes one a student and confers the right to follow the instruction, not only of the Faculty or School in which one is matriculated, but also of the various Faculties or Schools which make up the University.

It is the only formality required of students, and particularly foreign students, who seek at the French Universities only a cultural education, without working for a degree or diploma. However, for certain degrees conferred by the Universities themselves (which will be indicated further on), mere matriculation confers the right to take the examinations leading to these degrees.

The student may matriculate at any time. Matriculation holds good for the entire year, but must be renewed at the beginning of each new academic year.

If, during the course of the year, the matriculated student wishes to change to another University, he must matriculate again in the new University.

Matriculation Fees. The uniform fee for matriculation is thirty francs a year. However, if the student pursues laboratory work, he must not only obtain the consent of the director of the laboratory, but also pay the special laboratory fees. These fees vary from Faculty to Faculty and from laboratory to laboratory. Information as to the amount of these fees can be obtained by applying directly to the office of the Secretary of the Faculty or School.

Necessary Formalities. Matriculation must be sought by the candidate in person at the office of the Secretary of the Faculty or School whose instruction he wishes to follow. It cannot be sought by correspondence or by proxy.

The student who wishes to matriculate must establish his identity and prove that his previous studies qualify him to follow with profit the instruction of the Faculty or School.

The student from the United States must present: (1) a passport, countersigned and sealed ("visé") by the French consul of the region whence he comes, or an affidavit likewise certified by the consul; (2) a diploma or certificate attesting his previous studies likewise certified by the consul; (3) a receipt indicating that he has declared a residence in France ("déclaration de résidence").(7) The documents indicated under 1 and 2 should be accompanied by a certified translation either by the French consul who countersigns them or by a legalized translator in France.

In the absence of any certificate or diploma of previous studies, the right to matriculate may be granted by the Dean or Director to either French or foreign students whose previous studies are considered adequate.

Enrollment ("inscription") is the formality required of students who seek to obtain a degree or diploma, and especially a degree or diploma conferred by the State.

It attests the regularity with which the studies in view of obtaining a degree or diploma are pursued. Enrollment must be renewed every three months. Every degree or diploma requires a certain determinate number of enrollments which fix the minimum duration of the required studies.

Enrollment implies the right and formality of matriculation. An enrolled student is, ipso facto, matriculated without having to pay the special fee of matriculation, and enjoys all the rights which the latter confers.

Enrollments must be made at dates which vary from Faculty to Faculty, but which are always announced on the bulletin boards. The first "inscription" must be made at the beginning of the school year, and at the latest before the first of December.

The student must keep up his "inscriptions" successively, without interruption, at the dates fixed. In case of delay or interruption, the Dean or Rector may, upon special demand and for good reasons, authorize the student to make up the required "inscriptions" which are in arrears so that he may continue his studies under regular normal conditions; provided that in each case the delay does not exceed the legal limits.

Since the student must enroll every three months, he may, during the course of the school year, pass from one University to another, conserving all the benefits and privileges conferred by the enrollments already made. In this case he should request the Secretary of the Faculty in which he is enrolled to transfer his record to the Faculty in which he wishes to enroll. This transfer is granted in all cases where it is compatible with the special conditions of residence required for the degrees or diplomas which the student seeks.

Fees for "Inscriptions." The fee for enrollment every three months is thirty francs, to which is added a library fee of two and a half francs.

Enrollment with a view to obtaining any degree or diploma requiring laboratory work involves the payment of special laboratory fees.

With a view to furnishing preparation for certain diplomas or special certificates, the Universities have created special instruction and means of research, for the use of which special fees are required.

The payment of the fees of enrollment pertaining to a certain degree or diploma does not release one from paying the fees of enrollment pertaining to any other degree or diploma sought at the same time. The only exception made concerns students enrolled for the "licence en droit" who may also be enrolled for the "licence ès lettres" without having to pay fees anew. In like manner the students enrolled for the "Doctorat en médecine" or the "diplôme de pharmacien" may be enrolled without further charge at the Faculty of Science for the "certificats d'études supérieures;" but the reciprocal favor is not granted to students enrolled for the "licence ès lettres" or the "certificat d'études supérieures de sciences."

Enrollment must be requested by the candidate in person at the office of the Secretary of the Faculty or School in which he wishes to begin or pursue his studies. It cannot be sought by correspondence or by proxy.

Formalities Required for "Inscription." In order to enroll for the first time, the French or foreign student must, on the one hand, establish his identity, and, on the other hand, prove that his previous studies have prepared him to undertake the work which will permit him to obtain the degree or diploma which he seeks.

The student from the United States who is beginning his studies in France ought to present, when enrolling for the first time: (1) a passport countersigned and sealed ("visé") by the French consul of the region from which he comes, or an affidavit likewise certified by the French consul; (2) the "diplôme de bachelier français"(8) or, in lieu of this, a degree or diploma which has been declared equivalent to, or a substitute for, the "diplôme de bachelier;" (3) a receipt indicating that he has declared a residence in France.

The foreign student who seeks to continue in France the advanced studies which he has begun in his own country, and which are already certified by examinations and by the possession of a diploma, may obtain credit for this advanced work. He may be granted, not only an equivalence of the French degree of "baccalauréat" or of any other degree, but also a reduction of the scholastic requirements, such as a reduction of the number of "inscriptions" required and exemption from certain examinations.

To make it possible for foreign students to begin their higher studies in French Universities or to continue in France the advanced work they have already begun in their own country, the Minister of Public Instruction has decreed that equivalences may be established between French degrees and diplomas and corresponding foreign degrees and diplomas.

The establishment of an equivalence is most often requested in the case of the French "baccalauréat de l'enseignement secondaire" or "diplôme de bachelier," which is required in order to enter upon studies in law, medicine, science, letters and pharmacy, in the corresponding Faculties or Schools of the Universities; but, to foreigners who have already completed in their native country higher studies certified by degrees and diplomas, may also be granted an equivalence of the "licence en droit," "licence ès sciences," and "licence ès lettres," in order to enroll as candidates for the "Doctorat en droit," the "Doctorat ès sciences," and the "Doctorat ès lettres" respectively.

In no case, however, does the establishment of an equivalence confer the right to the corresponding degree. For example, even in case a foreign student has had some degree or diploma obtained in his own country declared equivalent to the French "baccalauréat," he does not become thereby a French "bachelier," nor can he assume this title; he acquires only the eligibility to the next higher diploma or degree which the equivalence previously granted has made it possible for him to seek and obtain after passing the required examinations.

In determining just what diplomas, titles, and degrees shall be equivalent in the case of students from the United States, the Minister of Public Instruction has proposed to recognize as a matter of course the first-rank institutions as graded by the Carnegie Foundation.(9) Any American student presenting one of these diplomas will be admitted as of course in full standing to any French University. Diplomas from other institutions require special action in each case, but may on the facts of the case be sufficient.

Interpreted in terms of the equivalences most likely to be sought by students from the United States, this would seem to signify that the degrees and diplomas of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, and Bachelor of Science of approved American Collèges and universities will thus admit to candidacy, presumably for the "Doctorat ès lettres," the "Doctorat en droit," and the "Doctorat ès sciences," conferred by the State, and certainly for the three doctor's degrees conferred by the Universities in Law, Science, and Letters. They do not admit to regular enrollment for the "Doctorat en médecine," "pharmacien," and " chirurgien-dentiste" conferred by the State; and, for the doctorate conferred by the Universities in Medicine and Pharmacy, no American substitute for the French preliminary degrees can be accepted without special permission from the Minister of Public Instruction.

Fees. Formerly, whenever an equivalence was established between a French and a foreign degree or diploma, the student benefiting thereby was required to pay all the fees pertaining to the original French degree or diploma for which an equivalence had been granted. Sometimes these fees amounted to as much as twelve hundred francs. By a new decree of the Minister of Public Instruction, dated January 18, 1916, this old requirement is abolished. Foreign students are now required to pay only the fees corresponding to the studies actually undertaken and to the degrees actually obtained.

Admission to Advanced Standing ("Equivalences de scolarité").---Admission to advanced standing aims at giving such recognition to the studies already completed in a foreign country in any special line of work that foreigners may continue in France the studies which they have begun elsewhere. It may assume the form either of a reduction of the term of residence required, or the privilege of making up all at once as many "inscriptions" as the duration and nature of the studies already completed may warrant, or exemption from certain examinations.

Requests for admission to advanced standing should be addressed to the Minister of Public Instruction on a special sheet of paper, bearing stamps to the value of sixty centimes. They must be accompanied by all documents which bear upon or support the request. These documents must be translated into French by a legalized translator. Finally, they must be delivered to the office of the Secretary of the Faculty in which the student wishes to enroll.